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We examined the assemblage of bats in a fragmented landscape along the northern coast of the island of Puerto Rico, West Indies, by mist netting and acoustic monitoring over a period of 25 months. Twelve of the 13 species present in the region were detected. It took nine nights of net and acoustic monitoring to detect 69% of the species, and 44 nights to reach 92%. Diversity was high, considering the insular nature of the assemblage and the fragmented nature of the ecosystem. We did not detect any important seasonal pattern in bat activity. The fruit eating bats at this study site are important importers of various seeds. Artibeus jamaicensis was most frequently captured and it appears to breed throughout the year at this location. Our results have important implications for management and conservation of biological diversity on tropical islands, and set a baseline against which the effect of further urban encroachment can be compared.
The clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection has been particularly associated with virulence genotypes. These genotypes are useful as molecular markers in the identification of patients that are infected and at high risk for developing more severe gastric pathologies. Our main objective was to determine the prevalence of virulence genotypes cagA, vacA, iceA and babA2 of H.pylori, in patients with functional dyspepsia who are infected with the bacteria. H. pylori genotypes babA2 and cagA as well as vacA and iceA allelic variants were identified by PCR in 122 isolates resulting from 79 patients with functional dyspepsia. A high prevalence of genes cagA+ (71%), vacAs1am1 (34%), babA2 (57%) and iceA1 (87%) was found. The most frequent combined genotype found were cagA+/vacAs1am1/babA2+/iceA1 and cagA–/vacAs1am1/babA2+/iceA1, regardless of any family history of gastric cancer or MALT lymphoma. The very virulent genotype cagA+/vacAs1am1/babA2+/iceA1 prevailed in the studied patients with functional dyspepsia. Our results provide information about the prevalence of four of the more important virulent factors and constitute new evidence on the prevalence of the most virulent H. pylori genotype in patients with functional dyspepsia.
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