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Ecological status assessment of rivers using macrophytes on selected examples. The Water Framework Directive introduced ecological approach to the assessment and classifi cation of waters. Macrophytes have become one of the four elements of their bio-Ocena stanu ekologicznego rzek z wykorzystaniem makrofi tów... 83logical evaluation. This study was undertaken to verify connection between biological, chemical and hydromorphological methods of river estimation. The additional aim was to compare species composition in different types of water courses. The survey were carried out during 2007–2009 from April to September. In this period 41 survey sites on 21 rivers in Poland were visited. Studies have shown that the MIR index is related to the concentration of total phosphorus in waters, which indicates the sensitivity of this indicator against eutrophication. Botanical studies revealed that in mountain rivers the most frequent plants were bryophytes, and in lowland rivers – vascular plants.
The results of field research at 230 river sections located throughout Poland were used to examine the possibility of predicting values of macrophyte metrics of ecological status. Artificial intelligence methods such as artificial neural networks were used in the modelling. The physicochemical parameters of water (alkalinity, conductivity, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, reactive and total phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand) were used as the explanatory (modelling) variables. The explained (modelled) parameters were the Polish MIR (Macrophyte Index for Rivers), the British MTR (Mean Trophic Rank) and the French IBMR (River Macrophytes Biological Index). The quality of the constructed models was assessed using the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the r–Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient between variables modelled by the networks and calculated on the basis of the botanical research. These analyses demonstrated that the network modelling MIR values had the highest accuracy. The lowest prediction accuracy was obtained for MTR and IBMR indices. The differences between particular models are likely to result from better adjustment of the Polish method to local rivers (particularly in terms of indicator species used).
The aim of the study was to demonstrate the relationship between macroinvertebrate assemblages and aquatic vegetation interacting with chemical and geomorphological factors. The survey was carried out in the catchment of a lowland river in Poland in the year 2009. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected on 19 river sites during two campaigns (spring and autumn) and 13 macroinvertebrate metrics were calculated. Indices were selected to reflect pressures associated with organic pollutants, morphological and general degradation of rivers. Hydromorphological assessment was undertaken according to the River Habitat Survey (RHS). Water samples for chemical analysis were collected monthly during the whole year, and nine chemical parameters were analysed. Macrophyte surveys made it possible to calculate seven parameters. It was found that macroinvertebrates collected in spring and autumn showed very different patterns and that only the spring samples showed a significant relationship between macroinvertbrates and water quality, which means that spring sampling is most important for biomonitoring. Only three macroinvertebrate metrics, i.e. SIGI (German Saprobic Index), EPT (indicating the relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and MBI (index used for river ecological status assessment), responded significantly to water pollution. Macrophytes and macroinvertebrates responded differently to environmental gradients and these organism groups deliver different information for monitoring.
Monitoring of water ecosystems in Kazakhstan is based generally on chemical indicators. Biological indicators, such as macroinvertebrates and a phytoplankton are rarely used. Sometimes some macrophyte species of are used for the assessment of water quality. The aim of the study was to analyse the possibilities of the introduction of the Polish monitoring system based on aquatic plants for rivers in Kazakhstan watercourses. The Polish method uses the Macrophyte Index for Rivers (MIR) and it has been prepared for the purposes of the EU Water Framework Directive. The systematic structure of Kazakhstan’s water plants were analyzed and compared with the macrophyte list of Poland. Flora of Kazakhstan was used as the main source of information and some recent publications were analyzed as well. It was found that the aquatic flora of Kazakhstan is rich and a total of 240 taxa of emergent and submerged plants are identified in the country. We have confirmed that a large number of aquatic plants recorded in Kazakhstan are recognized as bioindicators. The ecological tolerance and sensitivity of the identified bioindicators was analysed. A preliminary nine taxa with the the highest indicator weight in the MIR system (W = 3) were detected as the most sensitive indicators in Kazakhstan flora: Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, Scapania sp., Ceratphyllum demersum, C. submersum, Potamogeton lucens, P. praelongus, Lemna gibba, Menyanthes trifoliata and Acorus calamus. It was found that the MIR index can be applied in Kazakhstan, especially if we enrich the list of indicative species with the local macrophytes, which were not included in the original version. The list of potential indicator-species includes: Ranunculus altaicus, Ranunculus natans, Althenia filiformis, Nelumbo nucifera, Trapa incise which does not occur in Europe and Nuphar pumila, Nymphoides peltata, Ranunculus rionii, Rorippa palustris, Trapa natans, Utricularia intermedia, U. minor, Eleocharis acicularis and Vallisneria spiralis.
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