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This study is an attempt at reconstructing the soil cover of the northern slope of the Opatów loess patch based on the morphology analysis of 23 investigated soil profiles and their chemical properties. It was stated that at present the investigated area is mainly occupied by secondary, typical brown soils, acid and leached, on slopes weakly developed, strongly eroded. The Holocene model profiles of grey-brown podzolic soils occur only in forest areas, e.g. in the Las Górny forest. The bottom of the loess valleys is mainly occupied by deluvial-aluvial soils, as an effect of long lasting human activity started in neolith.
Obserwed were 151 calves of which half was boorn at cow shed white the other half was born in calving pens where the dams were moved at least 7 days before expected date of parturition. Each group of calves was then subdivided into those left in calf shed and those moved to wooden boxes outdoors. The way of maintaining cows before parturition differentiated them significantly in favour of those calving in calving pens with regard to calving easy. A fewer number of stillbirths [1] was also found in calving pens compared to cowshed [5]. The way of maintaining calves (boxes or calf shed) influenced only the early growth (up to 7 days) and caused an increased incidence of diarrhoea in calves maintained outdoors. Difficult calvings affected only early stages of growth.
Analysis of genetic structure of Silesian horses from National Stud. The aim of the study was to analyze the genetic composition of Silesian horses bred in "Książ" National Stud basing on their pedigreesand to try to answer the following question: is the subdivision of Silesian horse population really necessary to prevent local horse breed? As the material 72 pedigrees of brood mares and stallions, born between 1991 and 2009 were used. On average, 93.1% of animals were inbred, there were 96.55% inbred stallions and 90.70% inbred mares. The mean inbreeding coefficient for all horses was 2.3%, for inbred horses it reached 2.5%. There were more inbred mares (39) than stallions (28). All 72 Silesian horses from "Książ" State Stud were related with the average relationship coefficient of 8.5%. The total and effective number of founders were 458 and 163, respectively. The total andeffective number of ancestors were 64 and 22, respectively. Among the founding breeds Thoroughbred horses predominated, the next were Oldenburg and Silesian horses, whereas among ancestors there were much more Silesian horses than Thorougbreds. All in all, the genetic diversity of the Silesian horses from "Książ" National Stud was satisfactory, however its monitoring is required because of both upward inbreeding and 100% related animals. Because the population of Silesian horses is small, less than 2,000 animals and sligtly over 1,000 animals included in conservation programme, the artifical subdivision of this population as proposed in the new breeding programme, which would result in creation of two subpopulations: “old-type” and “new-type” Silesian horses, is not recommended. For maintaining genetic diversity, it could be also possible to carefully import of semen or stallions of similar breeds, i.e. German Alt-Oldenburger horses or German Heavy Warmblood horses. The plan should also include the matings recommended within the population of all available Silesian horses of both types. The authors consider introducing such a program essential. It should be also clearly stated in the plan how large proportion of the Silesian mares population could be each year mated to Thoroughbredstallions. Division into two types implies that some fraction of new-type Silesian horses and their progeny would not be regarded as potential parents of individuals for the conservation programme.
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