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The CAP is in an important reform phase. In this process will be reorganized the principles and functioning, so will be by the argumentation even importer the common interest and the public goods. In this process must be focus on some challenges by the provision of environmental public goods.
Background. Ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation affects the immune system of fish. Dietary supplementation of natural immunostimulants may enhance the immunity of fish. The presently reported investigation evaluates the UV-B protective property of Achyranthes aspera seed in larvae of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Materials and Methods. Larvae (1.19 ± 0.03 g) were fed four formulas of diet containing 0.0% (control), 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% Achyranthes aspera seeds. After 51 days, larvae of each feeding treatment were divided into two groups. One groups was exposed to UV-B radiation (80 µW · cm–2) and the other one remained unexposed. Results. Average weight of fish was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed 0.5%-seed-supplemented diet (compared to other treatments). UV-B radiation affected the growth of fish fed 0.1%-seed-supplemented- and control diets; other two treatments remained unaffected. Total serum protein-, albumin-, and globulin levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in exposed fish compared to the unexposed ones. Among the exposed groups, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels were minimum in fish fed 1.0%-seed-supplemented diet, whereas the highest levels of myeloperoxidase, hemagglutination titre, and white blood cells were found in fish fed 0.5%-seed-supplemented diet group. Conclusion. Dietary supplementation of A. aspera seed at 0.5% level enhanced the growth and immunity of UV-B exposed fish.
The enlargement of the EU in 2004 imposed new possibilities and threats for the Central and Eastem European countries which had so far successfully protected their markets. The presenting paper tries to explore that how the agricultural foreign trade of Hungary changes in relation to the countries of the Visegrad group and what are the trends? Although the foreign trade balance is positive in total (except for Poland), the specific indices have not yet changed after the enlargement, thus the trade turn over increased by value added, has not been realized and Hungary could not develop advantageous conditions (value orientation instead of ąuantity) in the first years of integration which may have considerable competitive conseąuences.
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