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During 2003 and 2004 apicultural seasons, 25 samples of honeys were collected in 10 localities of Lipnik (świętokrzyskie Province) countryside. Pollen analysis was made according to the requirements of the International Commission for Bee Botany IUSB (Louveaux et al., 1978). There were identified pollen of 85 taxa in the examined samples of honeys: pollen of 62 nectariferous and 23 non-nectariferous plants. Participation of non-nectariferous plant pollen in particular samples ranged between 0.3 and 28.4%. Among the nectariferous plant pollen, the highest pollen frequency (above 50%) have been stated for Brassicaceae (with Brassica napus), Prunus type, Trifolium repens, Anthriscus type, Salix, Aesculus, Rubus type, Tilia, Taraxacum type, Galeopsis and Heracleum type, among non-nectariferous plans: Poaceae, Papaver and Fragaria. On average, a particular honey contained 16 pollen types of nectariferous plants (range 7-26) and 7 of non-nectariferous (range 1-13). Among the examined samples, there were 11 specific honeys: 7 compatible with the Polish Standard - 4 samples of Brassica napus honeys, 2 Robinia pseudacacia, 1 Tilia, and 4 samples of honeys out of his this standard. There were 3 Galeopsis honeys and 1 honey from Phacelia. The remaining 14 samples were classified as multifloral honeys compatible with the Polish Standard. The woods and scrubs as well as meadows and pastures supplied main sources of honeybee flow in the examined area.
In the investigated material, consisting of 143 honey samples, pollen grains of 109 taxa were identified; 80 were represented by nectariferous plants and 29 by non-nectariferous plants. In the pollen of nectariferous plants, 17 anemophilous and 12 entomophilous taxa were found. In particular honey samples, from 1 up to 13 taxa were noted. The identified pollen grains came from plants belonging to 19 botanical families. The most frequently represented families were as follows: Rosaceae, Poaceae and Ranunculaceae. The percentage proportion of pollen of non-nectariferous taxa varied and it was within a range of 0.3% to 69.4%. The highest average frequency among anemophilous plants was demonstrated by the pollen of Poaceae (others), Quercus and Rumex, whereas among entomophilous plants by the pollen of Filipendula, Plantago and Fragaria.
Ligularia genus includes species cultivated in house gardens and urban parks as an attractive ornamental plants. During flowering period their flower heads may provide pollen food for pollinators. In the period 2004–2008, the present study investigated the abundance of flowering and pollen production of two Ligularia species as a source of pollen for insects. Under the conditions of Lublin, the onset of flowering of L. clivorum occurs in the second half of July, whereas L. przewalskii starts to bloom already in the last week of June. Depending on species and weather conditions, the period of flowering of L. clivorum lasted 48–67 days, while in the case of L. przewalskii from 29 to 38 days. In both taxa, female ray florets and bisexual disc florets are found in capitulum inflorescences. The weight of pollen produced by 10 L. clivorum flowers was almost twice higher than that in L. przewalskii. Pollen production per unit area for these taxa was 6.92 g·m⁻² and 1.53 g·m⁻², respectively.
Over the period 2007–2009, a study was conducted on the biology and abundance of flowering of Weigela florida Bunge and the effect of color change in its flowers on the behavior of pollinating insects. In the climatic conditions of south-eastern Poland, the flowering of the studied taxon started at the beginning of the second 10-day period of May and lasted from 4.5 to 7 weeks. Single W. florida flowers lived on average for 6.5 days. Bumblebees were predominant among insects visiting the flowers of Weigela florida, while honey bees visited them in lower numbers. Insect visitation to different-aged flowers was found to vary. The pollinators most frequently visited young flowers with bright pink petals and a yellow or orange nectar guide in the throat of the corolla, while they avoided older dark red flowers with a red-carmine nectar guide.
Under the conditions of Lublin (central-eastern Poland), observations were conducted on the flowering of Caragana arborescens shrubs for two growth seasons as well as nectar and pollen production by the flowers of this species was investigated. The flowering period of Caragana arborescens began at the turn of April and May and lasted for 24 days, while for a single flower it was 6.30 ± 0.79 days. The average weight of nectar, sugars and pollen produced by 10 Siberian peashrub flowers was, respectively: 46.70 ± 8.39 mg, 22.79 ± 6.10 mg, and 4.45 ± 0.34 mg. The nectar sugar concentration amounted 49.60 ± 10.08%. Pollen grains reached average dimensions of 21.94 ± 0.76 μm x 21.52 ± 0.71 μm. During a growing season, one Caragana arborescens shrub can provide on average 101.8 g of nectar, 49.7 g of sugars, and 9.7 g of pollen.
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