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The aim of this work was to determine the activity of the akrosin inhibitor on the basis of depressing the tripsin activity of polar fox (Alopex lagopus) semen and to follow the changes that affect these properties throughout the whole reproductive season. Additionally, the molecular forms of the inhibitor were electrophoretically separated. The research covered 126 ejaculates obtained manually seven times from 18 polar foxes (at intervals of 10-12 days). The highest inhibitor activity was observed in the seminal plasma from the ejaculates obtained in the first sample, the lowest results were characteristic of the fifth sample. The lowest activity of the akrosin inhibitor, determined on the basis of depressing the tripsin activity, indicates either the weakest protection of the semen proteins along with the whole reproductive system from the influence of the akrosin devoid of damaged acrosomes or the already initiated process of proteolysis.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age and reproductive season on selected properties of semen from the arctic fox, Alopex lagopus L. The experiment used 40 ejaculates collected manually from 6 animals (3 foxes aged one year and 3 foxes older than three years). Statistically less semen (0.39 cm³) was collected from the young compared to the older animals, and the ejaculates obtained were characterized by higher concentration of spermatozoa (195.04 x 10⁶/cm³). In turn, sperm acrosomal extracts from the older animals contained statistically more acrosin (6,4 mU/10⁶ spermatozoa). In the sperm acrosomal extracts prepared during the first semen sampling, the mean acrosin activity did not exceed 2.3 mU/million spermatozoa. At subsequent semen sampling dates, the activity of the analysed enzyme increased to reach 7.72mU/million spermatozoa. In the extracts obtained from the semen collected at the end of the breeding season of arctic foxes, the acrosin activity again reached a value obtained at the beginning of the season.
A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay was used for detection and quantitation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in the different internal organs of aborted fetuses. Tissue samples from 23 aborted fetuses submitted to the Department of Virology of the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy between 2012 and 2013 were used for testing. Total DNA was extracted using a phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol standard protocol. A real-time PCR with forward and reverse primers encompassing a highly conserved region encoding viral glycoprotein B was adapted for diagnosis of EHV-1 infection. The detection limit of the assay was shown to be 6.0x100 of viral DNA copies and the obtained standard curve exhibited a linear range from 100 to 107 molecules. Sixteen out of twenty three aborted fetuses (69.5%) were positive for EHV-1 in real- time PCR. The highest EHV-1 DNA load was obtained for liver (mean Ct value: 15.7) and lung (18.2) samples, while the lowest was in the thymus (29.6) and placenta (28.4).
The aim of the study was to adapt a method to determine acrosin activity of human spermatozoa to arctic fox (Alopex lagopus L.) spermatozoa. We modified this method by reducing sperm count per sample from 1÷10 × 106 to 25÷200 × 103, incubation time from 180 minutes to 60 minutes, and Triton X-100 concentration in the reaction mixture from 0.01% to 0.005% per 100 cm3. It has also confirmed that arctic fox seminal plasma is rich in proteinases and their inhibitors. To completely abolish the inhibitory effect of seminal plasma on acrosin activity it is recommended to wash the spermatozoa four times. Benzamidine served an inhibitor of acrosin activity.
The aim of the study was to compare the values of selected parameters of post-slaughter carcass evaluation and rabbit meat quality indices (protein, fat and water content) depending on the type of diet used. The experiment involved 12 rabbit - crossbreeds at the age of 2 months and at a body weight of 1.5 kg. The animals were divided into two groups with regard to the type of diet administered. Group I consisted of rabbits fed on an all-mash diet, whereas group II was fed according to the typical ecological model. After 7 months of the experiment all the animals were slaughtered and afterwards the slaughter analysis was performed taking into consideration the following: pre-slaughter body weight, hot carcass weight, weight of the stomach (with or without digesta). After the cooling of the carcasses, muscle samples of the saddle and the thigh were taken for subsequent analyses. Meat quality was estimated on the basis of the determination of protein, fat and water content. It was found that the diet significantly influenced fat and water content in rabbit meat. The muscle samples taken from the ecologically fed rabbits (group II) had a higher water level (saddle - 73.58%; thigh - 74.87%) and a lower fat content (saddle - 1.31%; thigh - 1.51%) compared to the samples taken from the rabbits fed on granulated feed. No significant differences in protein content between the two experimental groups were found. The slaughter yield in both groups did not exceed 50%. The higher but statistically unconfirmed slaughter yield was obtained from rabbits fed ecologically.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of bulls on the basis of the assessment of fresh and thawed semen, following the swim-up procedure and immunological assay with IgA and IgG antisperm antibodies. In addition, the suitability of immunological reaction with IgG and IgA antisperm antibodies for seminological assessment of bull semen was examined. Tests were conducted with semen originating from Holstein-Friesian bulls. Ejaculates were collected twice from 15 two-year-old males, yielding 30 samples of semen. After the calculation of sperm concentration and motility, the samples were diluted with Biociphos-Plus® and frozen in straws. After thawing, sperm concentration and motility were calculated again (an average of 101.4 million sperm/ml with a motility of around 21%), and the spermatozoa were subjected to swim-up. At the same time, frozen-thawed bull semen was tested for the presence of antisperm antibodies, using SpermMar Tests for IgG and IgA. According to the records of the insemination centre, 53 515 insemination treatments had been conducted with semen of selected bulls. In a population of 30 324 cows, the calculated insemination index amounted to 1.76. Half of the cows which were qualified for insemination had already been fertilized with the first treatment (ca 52.8%). After the swim-up, there was an average of 4.5 million hyperactivated spermatozoa with a motility of around 41%. Furthermore, spermatozoa associated with IgG antisperm antibodies were found in 20 ejaculates, i.e. in around 66.67% of all semen samples obtained. The spermatozoa reacted positively with IgA antibodies in as many as 23 samples, which constituted 76.67% of all ejaculates obtained. Correlations between the routinely analyzed semen parameters and the selected parameters (immunological, swim-up) which were demonstrated in this work, did not appear to be sufficiently convincing. Therefore, it seems necessary to repeat this study with a population of clinically healthy, fertile bulls, as well as with juvenile bulls newly introduced to the insemination centre or with bulls with reduced fertility.
The aim of this work was to analyze the concentrations of select elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in the water, muscle tissue, and gills of perch sampled in autumn from Lake Gopło in NW Poland. The correlations between the fish size (body length) and metal concentrations in the tissues were investigated by linear regression analysis. In addition, the bioaccumulation coefficient, as a measure of accumulation intensity of an element in an organ, was analyzed. The mean content of K, Mg, and Zn in the analyzed perch was higher in the muscle (18.90, 1.53, and 52.92, mg‧kg⁻¹) than in gills (8.88, 1.30, and 44.99 mg‧kg⁻¹), and the difference between these values (except for Zn) was statistically significant (p≤0.05). The analyses of the correlation between metal concentration in the meat and the body length of fish show that the bioaccumulation of Na, K, Mg, and Zn decreases as fish body length increases (negative correlation). The evaluation of the chemical pollution of Lake Gopło concentrations was based on the following ions (N-NO₃, N-NO₂, and P-PO₄) and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn). The concentrations of nitrite nitrogen in the waters of Lake Gopło range from 0.012 (in September) to 0.057 mg N-NO₂ dm⁻³ (in November). The concentration of nitrate nitrogen ranges from 0.09 to 1.888 mgN-NO₃ dm⁻³. The concentration of orthophosphate in surface waters of Lake Gopło is not very diverse (0.17-0.2 mg PO₄⁻³ dm⁻³).
The aim of the research was to compare selected biochemical parameters of rabbits’ blood (crossbreeds) depending on the kind of diet. Twelve rabbits at the age of 2 months and at a body weight of 1.5 kg were chosen for this experiment. The animals were divided into two research groups depending on the kind of diet they were fed. The first group consisted of rabbits fed on an all-mash diet while the second group was fed according to a typical ecological model. After 7 months of the experiment blood was collected for analysis from each animal. In the blood serum samples, the activities of the following enzymes were determined: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as were the concentration of glucose, urea, total protein, protein fractions and the lipid proflile (total cholesterol, HDL and LDL fractions) as well as the concentration of triglycerides. This research showed statistically significant diet-dependent differences among all biochemical parameters of blood apart from HDL fractions.
We analysed 7 territories of the nightjar located in the Puławy Forest District (eastern Poland). Density of the breeding population on the studied area was 0.88 territory/km2. The smallest territory covered 4.5 ha, while the biggest one – 18.7 ha (average 13 ha). Birds were found in a loose birch and pine forest, in the plantation and nearby the working railway. Significant differences in open area contribution and in share of undergrowth and brushwood were found between analysed territories and random patches. Greater biodiversity was found in places chosen by birds.
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