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In the recent period, the number of cases of chronic form of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in domestic ruminants has increased. The fluke is the most frequently recorded parasitic disease in bison. The diagnosis of the infection is based on hematological and biochemical blood tests, as well as on serological and coprological examinations. The aim of the study was to compare hematological and biochemical changes that occur in bison living in their natural environment, as well as in dairy cattle and sheep diagnosed with a chronic form of liver fluke. Material and methods: The research included 10 bison, 10 dairy cows and 10 sheep, in which a chronic form of liver fluke was diagnosed by blood tests as well as by coprological and anatomopathological examinations. Blood samples were collected after slaughter (bison) or before treatment (domestic ruminants). A hematological analyzer Horiba was used to determine the following blood parameters: WBC, RBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. A biochemical analyzer Mindray BS-130 was used to determine the concentrations of urea, total cholesterol (Chol), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), creatinine (CREA), total calcium (tCa), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (Pn), and ferrum (Fe), as well as the activities of AST, GGTP, and CPK. The concentration of globulins was calculated as the difference between the concentrations of TP and ALB. Results: In bison with a chronic form of liver fluke, hematological examination showed no evidence of changes. In cattle and sheep, the tests revealed normocytic anemia. Some cases of eosinophilia were found among bison and domestic ruminants. In all animals, AST and GGTP were increased. In domestic ruminants, the examination showed a reduction in creatinine and total protein, whereas in sheep, CPK and urea concentration were increased, and albumin was decreased. The content of iron in the blood of domestic ruminants was reduced or normal.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a recently discovered neuropeptide thought to mainly act in most laboratory mammals and humans as anorexigenic factor. The expression of CART in wild living animals is barely known. In the present study immunohistochemical stainings were applied to identify CART-immunoreactive (IR) structures in the pancreas of European bison. Antibodies against neuronal marker Hu C/D were used to visualize intrapancreatic neurons. The expression of CART was detected in approx. 75% of Hu C/D-IR intrapancreatic neurons which may thus also act as interneurons. Additionally, in most intrapancreatic ganglia single CART-IR non-varicose nerve fibers running between neurons were found. Pancreatic blood vessels as well as intralobular ducts were sparsely innervated with CART-IR nerve fibers. Moderately numerous CART-IR nerve terminals were found to innervate the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine tissue. None of islet endocrine cells showed the expression of CART. No presence of CART-IR neuronal elements were found in external connective tissue capsule and septa penetrating inside to the organ. Our study is the first to outline the presence of some differences in CART-ergic innervation pattern of the pancreas between domestic and wild mammals. The lack of CART-IR endocrine islet cells in the pancreas of European bison is an interesting finding, nevertheless its significance is largely unknown at the moment and needs to be further investigated.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in a group of 120 wild bison (Bison bonasus) from the Bialowieza Primeval Forest in eastern Poland. The PCR technique revealed the presence of 16S RNA of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the blood of 16 out of 120 examined animals. DNA amplification by means of primers SC1 and SC2 gave a product with a size of 300-bp. The sequences of the PCR products obtained showed 100% homology with each other and 100% homology with B. burgdorferi s.l. 16S RNA gene DQ111061. Results of this study suggest that wild bison are important in maintaining agents of Lyme borreliosis, and that studies of reservoir competence of this species are indicated.
The ante-mortem diagnostics of tuberculosis in wildlife constitutes a major problem due to the difficulties in collecting samples for examination. Therefore, tuberculosis in free-living animals is usually diagnosed post mortem. Ante-mortem examinations for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) were conducted in three European bison living in an acclimatisation enclosure in Bukowiec in the Bieszczady National Park in Poland. The reason for performing these examinations was the documented contact between the aforementioned animals and tuberculous European bison from a free-living herd present in the area. The three European bison were pharmacologically immobilised. Next, their blood samples were collected for immunological studies (interferon-gamma release assays), complete blood count and blood biochemistry tests. Moreover, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from the lower respiratory tract, two nasal cavity swabs and one throat swab were taken from each animal. Tuberculin testing was also performed. The findings of all these examinations indicated the possible infection of the European bison with the tubercle bacillus. Ultimately, the decision was taken to euthanize the animals.
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