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The main function of the corpus luteum (CL) is progesterone (P4) production, a factor which regulates the estrous cycle and provides proper embryo and fetus development, the hormone that determines the efficiency of reproduction. Estrus synchronization is one of the basal methods applied in reproductive biotechnics. However, pharmacological manipulation of the estrous cycle may cause various CL dysfunctions, including abnormal P4 synthesis after superovulation or synchronization of the cycle. In the authors studies the influence of different methods of estrous synchronization (injection of PGF₂α analogues: dinoprost, cloprostenol and luprositiol; or gestagens treatment: norgestomet) on CL sensitivity to luteotropic factors (LH and PGE₂) was investigated. With the use of PGF₂α analogues the lower action of luteotropic factors on the CL function was demonstrated in the CL after estrus synchronization. Physiological CL sensitivity to the stimulation was observed in CL from the cows with norgestomet-synchronized cycles. The only effects of dinoprost on CL functioning in vitro were conferrable and similar to the natural PGF₂α action. Other PGF₂α analogues much more powerfully and differently influenced the cells/tissues of the bovine reproductive tract compared to natural PGF₂α action. Lower P4 production in the CL after hormonal manipulation may cause insufficient protection of the embryo by the CL products during the first critical pregnancy period and lead to the early termination of pregnancy.
The maternal recognition of pregnancy in mammals is based on the communication between embryo/fetus, uterus and corpus luteum. The development and maintenance of the gestation needs a great deal of physiological adaptations in females, especially in the immunological system. In ruminants IFNτ has a basic meaning for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. IFNτ is an antyluteolitic factor produced by mononuclear cells in the trophoblast and ensure the communication between the female and the developing embryo. However, in pigs IFNτ secretion is not a factor of pregnancy recognition and the communication between the mother and embryos may be conducted by estrogens at about 10-11 days of gestation and the change in PGF₂α secretion. Up until now interferone produced by trophoblasts has not been observed in horses. Pregnancy maintenance and embryo development depends on the embryo migration in the uterus lumen before implantation. Little is known about maternal recognition signals of pregnancy in carnivores. The only thing that has been confirmed is elevated concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, seromucoid, ceruloplasmine, glikoproteins) detected in pregnant bitches’ serum.
The paper presents an outline of Japanese Wagyū beef cattle, the husbandry of which has a long tradition and history in Japan. Wagyū cattle originate from Asian cattle breeds, however separation from continental breeds occurred approximately 3500 years ago. Throughout the centuries, Wagyū was kept for helping in the field on small Japanese farms and as a draught animal. The change in the breed usage and breeding cattle for meat started in the 1860s. At the end of the nineteenth century, on account of crossbreeding with imported cattle Wagyū started to lose their original character. However, since 1919 the Wagyū restitution was initiated and pure breed animals are bred. The export of Wagyū from Japan started in 1976, but recently it has become more significant. The uniqueness of the meat of Wagyū stems from the intramuscular fat, which is evenly distributed and contributes to a characteristic marbled appearance of the carcass. High concentrations of non-saturated omega-3 and omega-6 acid are present in the meat of the Japanese beef cows. Wagyū cattle seem to be a valuable experimental model for bovine reproduction. The first cloned calf originated from Wagyū. Some assisted reproduction techniques were successfully conducted and improved in Wagyū, e.g. superovulation, embryo transfer and cloning.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotrophic cytokine, affects either normal or tumor cells, and influences cellular differentiation. TNFα role in female reproduction has been proven to be mediated through an influence on prostaglandin (PGs) synthesis and output. To evaluate the possible role of TNFα in an auto-/paracrine regulation in the cat uterus, mRNA expression coding for TNFα and its receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2), and TNFα protein content at different stages of the estrous cycle were investigated. Additionally, TNFα involvement in PG secretion at different stages of the estrous cycle was investigated by in vitro tissue culture. Gene expressions coding for TNFα and TNFR1 were the highest at diestrus (P < 0.05). TNFα protein expression was the lowest at interestrus (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, TNFR2 was not affected by the estrous stage. TNFα at a dose of 1 ng/ml significantly increased PGF₂α secretion at estrus (P < 0.01) and PGE₂ secretion at diestrus (P < 0.001) after 12h incubation. Overall findings indicate that TNFα locally produced in the cat’s uterus, stimulates PG secretion in an estrous cycle-related manner.
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