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The aim of the study was to describe the role of the craniocervical junction ligaments in a dog with the focus on the ligaments that have not been described yet. The research examined cadavers of 15 adult male and female dogs of different breeds, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The results of the research indicated that the stability of the craniocervical junction depends not only on well known ligaments like: Apical ligament of dens, Alar ligaments, Transverse atlantal ligament, Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament and Lateral ligaments, but also on three pairs of ligaments described for the first time in this publication; namely: Dorsal ligaments, Collateral internal cranial atlantal ligaments and Collateral internal caudal atlantal ligaments. Atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial ligaments, described as functionally integral, are a more constitutional and multilevel system of ligaments, which were observed in all examined dogs. This fact should be taken into consideration in all surgeries of the cervical region (occipital anesthesia, occipital myelography, surgical interventions). The most frequent reasons for a dislocation in the craniocervical junction have also been discussed.
The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the foramen magnum and the first cervical vertebra in Yorkshire terrier dogs, in which a keyhole-shaped foramen magnum had been recognized. Its aim was also to determine parameters for anatomical structures of the craniocervical junction which have an effect on occipital dysplasia. The study examined cadavers of three adult (female) Yorkshire terrier dogs, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. All dogs had been euthanized at the request their owners: nr 1 because of neurologic symptoms; nr 2 and 3 were neurologically asymptomatic dogs. The degree of skull index (IC), occipital index (IPF), dysplasia (ISD), notch index (IWD), foramen magnum index (IOW) and new biometric criterions introduced by the authors of the study i.e. atlas index (IC₁) and dens of axis index (IZC₂) were determined. The study showed that the foramen magnum index provides direct numerical information about the size and shape of the foramen. The foramen magnum index discriminates neurologically symptomatic dogs from asymptomatic dogs. Nonetheless, all four indices used in craniometry should be calculated. The results of the research indicated that occipital dysplasia has an effect on the stability of the craniocervical junction, and, therefore, atlas index IC₁ and dens of axis index IZC₂ should be determined.
The aim of the research was to determine the number of teeth, their arrangement in the lower and upper dental arches and the manner of teeth placement in dental alveoli of alveolar processes respective for facial bones in brachycephalic dogs. Investigations were conducted on 45 adult dogs of various age and both sexes. Morphotype qualification was based on skull index ZyZy × 100/AP. The pattern of canine permanent dentition that is most common and widely approved as correct was described as 3142/3143. The total number of permanent teeth amounts to 42. Only in one (2.22%) out of 45 observed dogs a complete dentition in both dental arches was present, as in the formula above. Full dentition in the lower dental arch - was observed only in 6.67% of studied specimen and in the upper dental arch in 42.22% of dogs. The accepted number of permanent cheek teeth in dogs is 6 in the upper dental arch and 7 in the lower dental arch. The studies performed show that in brachycephalic specimen the reduction of these teeth and rotation related to alveolar processes are common. Own observations suggest that the following 3132/3132 should be recognized as a correct formula of permanent teeth in this morphotype.
The aim of the study was to compare the immunoreactivity and distribution of two kinds of oestrogen receptors within the nerve tissue of the posterior part of the piriform cortex, as well as their localisation within nerve cells. The studied material consisted of 12 brains of sexually mature rabbit males weighing 3-4 kg. In order to prove the presence of α and ß receptors, Er-α and Er-ß antibodies were used. The examinations showed the presence of Er-α and E-rß receptors in all layers of the piriform cortex, however, mainly in the IInd and IIIrn layer. The reaction occurred in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. The obtained results can imply the influence of oestrogen on the functions of the examined brain area in rabbits, which in human is responsible for perception and categorisation of odour.
The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the Transverse atlantal ligament in dogs with a focus on the features that have not been described yet. The research examined cadavers of 20 adult male and female dogs of different breeds, three morphotypes, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The Transverse atlantal ligament was shown by removing the Dorsal arch of the Atlas. The length (DWP), width (SWP) and thickness (GWP) of the ligament were measured. The linear correlation function with the body mass (mc) and the cranial index and the coefficient of determination R² were determined. Histological specimens from 10 Transverse atlantal ligaments were marked. The results of the research indicated that the length, width and thickness of the described ligament is positively correlated with the body mass in a dog. The histologic studies showed that the Transverse atlantal ligament is fibrocartilagenous on the whole. This fact should be taken into consideration in all affections connected with the cartilage destruction. The role of the fibrocartilage and their types in the ligament have also been discussed.
The aim of the study was to describe the shape of the articular facets of the axis in dogs of three morphotypes and different body weights. The facet joints contribute significantly to the stability of the cervical spine, predominantly by providing axial rotational stability at C₂ and C₃. The research involved the examination of cadavers of 30 adult male and female dogs of three morphotypes and body weights from 2.22 to 72 kg. The craniocervical junction elements, especially the second cervical vertebra (axis), were isolated by standard anatomical preparation. The maximal articular surface width ASW, the maximal articular surface length - ASL and the inclination of the articular surface - h were measured. The articular surface length-to-width index was calculated. The linear correlation function for K and h with body mass and the cranial index and the coefficient of determination R² were determined. The atlantoaxial dorsal ligament was put to the microscopic test. Index K ranged from 0.71 to 1.90. In small breeds, more longitudal oval-shaped facets were observed. Circular facets and more transversely oval-shaped facets were found in medium and large breeds. The large breeds have a preventive mechanism against greater mobility in C₂-C₃. Their atlantoaxiale dorsale ligament is fibrocartilagineus. These dogs are consequently less exposed to damages of the intervertebral disc and medulla spinalis.
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