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Glucose is the major energy source for the animal cells. It is important substrate for protein and lipid synthesis. This sugar is absorbed into the cells from body fluids via glucose transporters –structurally related trans-membrane proteins. There are two types of glucose transport – passive and active. The facilitative-glucose-transporter family of proteins (solute co-transporters GLUT,encoded by SLC2A genes) participates in energy-independent process of glucose transport. The Na+/glucose co-transporter family proteins SGLT (solute carriers, encoded by SLC5A genes) mediate the Na+-linked transport of glucose against the electrochemical gradient. In this review, we describe genomic structure and function of the bovine glucose transporters. Intra-species comparative analyses o the amino acid identities of glucose transporter proteins is also described, as well as the information on the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in the bovine glucose transporter genes.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of diet supplementation with active yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the expression of selected immune system genes in goat milk somatic cells (MSC) and on milk production traits. Eighteen dairy goats were divided by breed and parity into two groups: control (n = 9) and supplemented (n = 9). Each group consisted of 5 Polish White Improved (PWI) and 4 Polish Fawn Improved (PFI) goats. Four goats (2 PWI and 2 PFI) were in their second lactation and five (3 WPI and 2 PFI) in more than second lactation. Beginning from a week before expected kidding, supplemented does were fed 10g yeast/day/goat until 100 day post-partum, after which the dose was increased to 20g/day/goat. On day 7, 30, 80, 120 and 240 of lactation milk samples were collected and used to SC isolation, microbiological analysis and to determine the physico-chemical composition of milk. Total RNA was isolated from SC and expressions of β1-defensin, β2-defensin, bactenecin 7.5, bactenecin 5, hepcidin and lyzozyme genes were measured with qRT-PCR using cyclophilin A (PPM) as a reference gene.Supplementation with yeast did not affect milk yield and composition (P>0.05). Genes encoding β2-defensin, bactenecin 7.5 and hepcidin were influenced by yeast diet supplementation resulting in their increased expression in MSC (P<0.05) regardless of the amount of supplement. The environmental bacteria did not affect the level of gene transcripts. However, the presence of β2-defensin, bactenecin 5 and 7.5, hepcidin and lysozyme transcripts in milk cells derived from pathogen-free udders proved their constitutive expression. The expression of β1-defensin gene was not found indicating that it is not constitutively expressed in milk cells and does not participate in the defense of the udder against environmental bacteria. These findings support that β2-defensin, bactenecin 5, bactenecin 7.5 and hepcidin may play a role in maintaining the health of the goat mammary gland.
Nucleotide (cds) and amino acids sequences of the caprine β2-defensin genes were in silico compared to search for the sequence variation and for the LAP gene sequences in the goat genome and for the presence of LAP gene transcripts in goat tissues. The comparison of the exon sequences revealed that the first 64 amino acids are identical in both LAP and β1-defensin. However, the GBD-1 prepropeptide is shorter by 18 amino acids due to the presence of the stop codon UAA at position 209–211 in GBD-1 mRNA. The LAP gene, which was found, so far, only in Indian goat breeds, is absent in the genome of Polish dairy goats. The introns of the caprine β1- and β2-defensin genes were, for the first time, sequenced; their sequences showed 99.6 % identity, differing in six nucleotide positions.
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