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This article reviews the literature concerning the most important aspects connected with origin, development, severity and control of crown gall, the neoplastic disease of many plant species. The disease creates a significant economic problem, particularly in nursery production of fruit trees and roses. Besides general information on the disease and its causal agent, the course of pathogenesis was described. The infection of plants is of an unique character and consists of transfer of the part of bacterial Ti plasmid into attacked plant cell and its incorporation with genome. This leads to the formation of tumorous tissue. Signalisation and communication system on a molecular level between pathogen and plant was pointed out. The crown gall occuring on roots restricts transport of water and nutrients into above-ground-parts of plant, reduces plant growth and sometimes causes its dead. From among many means of diseaese control described the biological method seems to be most promising, especially for stone fruits and roses. In some countries, including Poland, the commercial preparations based on K84 strain of A. radiobacter were developed.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, is characterized by the unique feature of interkingdom DNA transfer. This soil bacterium is able to transfer a fragment of its DNA, called T-DNA (transferred DNA), to the plant cell where T-DNA is integrated into the plant genome leading to "genetic colonization" of the host. The fate of T-DNA, its processing, transfer and integration, resembles the journey of Odysseus, although our hero returns from its long trip in a slightly modified form.
Plant expression vector pBI 121 containing the gene encoding coat protein of Plum Pox Virus of the Skierniewice isolate (CP PPV-S) was prepared (clone pCMl). The construct was used for transformation of Nicotiana tabacum plants using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens based system. About 82% of kanamycin resistant plant lines contained a transgene (the sequence of CP PPV-S) but only 81% of them actively expressed the PPV-S coat protein gene as measured by RT-PCR.
The effect of 10 fungicides on survival of A. tumefaciens in various types of soils was studied. In fertile, nonsterile soil Dithane M-45 (mancozeb), Euparen 50 WP (tolyfluanid), Kaptan 50 WP (captan) and Ridomil Gold 80 WP (metalaxyl) at concentration of 1000 ppm showed the highest antibacterial activity. Similar trends in activity of these fungicides occurred in fertile, sterile soil, however a little lower in case of Kaptan and Euparen. In most of investigated soils Befran 25 SL (imimnoctadyne), Syllit 65 WP (dodine) and Thiram Granulfo 80 WG (thiram) increased bacteria number. In sandy acidic soil (pH 3.5) all tested fungicides totally eliminated bacteria. On the other hand in sandy neutral soil only Dithane, Euparen, Kaptan and Ridomil showed such activity. Ten fold decrease of fungicides concentration generally did not influence Kaptan and Ridomil effectiveness but it decreased the activity of Dithane and Euparen.
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