In July 2013, symptoms of stem rot were observed in the Dracaena sanderiana cuttings in greenhouses of Mahallat County, Markazi Province, Iran. The symptoms first appeared as severe wilting. Later, leaves became brown and necrotic. Symptoms on the cuttings were observed as rotted areas on the middle of the stems. The cortical tissues of the plants showed a distinct brown discoloration. Eventually, the infected plants died. The pathogen was isolated from Dracaena stems and identified as F. solani by a fragment of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene. Fusarium solani was confirmed by a pathogenicity test, and the causal agent was re-isolated from infected D. sanderiana plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of stem rot caused by F. solani on the cuttings of D. sanderiana.
Pollen grain of 16 species and three hybrids of the genus Amygdalus L., representing two subgenera and two sections distributed in Iran were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. All pollen grains are tricolporate. The shape of grains varies from subprolate through prolate. Regarding outline, in polar view, pollen grains are triangular-circular and in equatorial view, elliptic. Regarding sculpturing of exine, the frequent type like many members of family Rosaceae is striate with or without perforations that can be subdivided into three subtypes: type I (A-B), type II (A-B) and type V. In three species, A. trichamygdalus, A. spinosissima and A. orientalis, exine sculpture type is completely different. In the first species is rugulate, in the second species is reticulate and in A. orientalis, it is gemmate-perforate. Ornamentation of ridges (muri) in the striate sculpture is parallel to ectocolpus. Number of perforations in tectum, diameter of them, striae intervals and the thickness of ridges varies among studied taxa. The striae have different depth and slope. Results showed that among pollen grain characters, shape is useful character solely for separating of taxonomic ranks in Iranian Amygdalus specially in subgeneric or section level.
Tephritis alamutensis sp. nov. collected on flowerheads of Cousinia sp. cf. umbrosa (Asteraceae: Cardueae) in northern Iran is described. It is similar to T. ochroptera S. Korneyev, 2013, and T. afrostriata S. Korneyev, 2013 in body size and wing pattern coloration (yellowish body, pale wing pattern, cell r₁ with two large spots and oviscape at least partly yellow), but differs from both species by the incised aculeus tip and setulose ventral side of vein R₄₊₅, as well as details of the wing pattern. The new species is also compared with the superficially similar European species, T. vespertina (Loew, 1844). An improved key to species of Tephritis having the pale brown wing pattern is provided.
Genetic variability and differentiation of six populations of Tilia rubra from Hyrcanian forests of the north of Iran were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Seven primers pairs used to study six populations, in six localities located in at different altitude (250–2500 m a.s.l) but within the distance 50 km, provided 70 reliable bands, of which 29 (41.4%) were polymorphic. The average population diversity using the Shannon’s index (I) was 0.22 and ranged from 0.22 for Bandbon population to 0.08 for the Salahedinkola population. The mean heterozygosity varied from 0.013 to 0.06 within the populations of T. rubra. The AMOVA analysis showed a significant genetic differentiation within populations and 97% of the total variation occurred within populations and only 3% occurred among populations. Cluster analysis using the UPGMA method grouped all individuals into four clusters. The results did not correspond with the populations origin. The low inter-population differentiation and the lack of significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances suggest intensive gene flow among populations of Tilia rubra.
Fire usually causes changes in the composition and diversity of herbaceous species. The present paper aimed to study the effect of repeated fire incidents on understory species diversity in the Saravan forests of Guilan Province located in the north of Iran. To do so, three 50-hectare areas with identical physiographical conditions and overstory (hand-planted softwood Pinus taeda) were selected. Seven fire incidences occurred for the 10-year period in one of the areas and the other area experienced three fire incidents within the same period. The area with no fire incidents was considered as the control area. All the fire incidents were surface ones. The systematic random method with a sample size 100 × 200 m was used for collecting data. Based on the above, 25 samples were determined in each area. The whole coverage of the understory was taken into consideration using Whittaker’s method and the Domain criterion so as to calculate species diversity indices. The results showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity and Menhinick’s richness in the regions which experienced 3 and 7 fire incidents were maximum and minimum, respectively, whereas no significant difference was seen between the regions with regard to Smith and Wilson’s evenness index.
Buxtonellosis is a disease caused by the ciliated protozoan Buxtonella sulcata (Jameson, 1926). B. sulcata is a common protozoan of ruminants and may result in subclinical infection or clinical disease including diarrhea. This study examined the prevalence of B. sulcata in cattle from Sanadaj province, Iran. Faecal samples were collected from cattle in the province from May 2013 to June 2014. A total of 217 cattle were selected randomly according to the age, sex, health, management system and season. In total, 99 cattle (45.63%) were found to be infected with B. sulcata. In adults, prevalence of B. sulcata infection (51.64%) was higher than calves (28.58%) and young cattle (40.55%). The prevalence of B. sulcata infection was also found to be higher in female (47.32%) than male (38.46) cattle. B. sulcata infection was significantly (p<0.05) higher in poor health cattle (body condition and weight) (79.54%) than healthy cattle (24.47%). This study demonstrates that cattle are highly susceptible to B. sulcata infection under a variety of housing and environmental conditions in this region of Iran. The study also demonstrates a significant effect of infection on cattle health.
Ninety-seven tomato landraces collected from East Anatolian region of Turkey and North-West of Iran, along with three commercial cultivars were evaluated during two years. Experiment was carried out in an alpha lattice design at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan, Iran. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation (P ≤ 0.01) among genotypes for all the experimental characters. Yield showed a positive and significant correlation with length and width of cotyledon leaf, length and width of true leaf, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pericarp thickness and fruit peduncle length. In principal component analysis, the first three components explained for 71.6% of total variations among genotypes. Since the first component determined 50% of total variations and yield had high significant coefficient with this component, thus it might be used as s selection criteria to identify genotypes with high yield in breeding programs. Cluster analysis using Ward method classified genotypes into five groups. Groups included: early maturing genotypes in group I, genotypes with high yield in group II, genotypes with large fruit in group III, late maturing and high total soluble solids (TSS) genotypes in group IV and genotypes with high acidity in group V.
Fluorescent pseudomonads are among the most influencing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plants rhizosphere. In this research work the plant growth-promoting activities of 40 different strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida, previously isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) and maintained in the microbial collection of Soil and Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, were evaluated. The ability of bacteria to produce auxin and siderophores and utilizing P sources with little solubility was determined. Four strains of Wp1 (P. putida), Cfp10 (Pseudomonas sp.), Wp150 (P. putida), and Wp159 (P. putida) were able to grow in the DF medium with ACC. Thirty percent of bacterial isolates from canola rhizosphere and 33% of bacterial isolates from wheat rhizosphere were able to produce HCN. The results indicate that most of the bacteria, tested in the experiment, have plant growth-promoting activities. This is the first time that such PGPR species are isolated from the Iranian soils. With respect to their great biological capacities they can be used for wheat and canola inoculation in different parts of the world, which is of very important agricultural implications.
The paper deals with species diversity of Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Guilan Province, Northern Iran. In total 22 species of 17 genera (Adoretus LAPORTE, Aethiessa BURMEISTER, Anomala SAMOUELLE, Aphodius ILLIGER, Blitopertha REITTER, Cetonia FABRICIUS, Glaphyrus LATREILLE, Gymnopleurus ILLIGER, Onthophagus LATREILLE, Oryctes ILLIGER, Oxythyrea MULSANT, Paroniticellus BALTHASAR, Pentodon HOPE, Polyphylla HARRIS, Protaetia BURMEISTER, Scarabaeus LINNAEUS, Valgus SCRIBA) were collected and identified. Protaetia funesta (MEN.) has been recorded from Iran for the first time.
Scaligeria meifolia Boiss., belonging to the Apiaceae family, grows wild in Iran. The essential oil from aerial parts of S. meifolia were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-one constituents representing 99.98% of total oil components were identified. The main constituents of the essential oil were germacrene–D, (24.2%), germacrene-B (14.8%), limonene (14.2%), γ-elemene (11.6 %) and β-elemene (5.2%).
Fig mosaic virus (FMV) and Fig badnavirus-1 (FBV-1) are two of the most important fig infecting viruses. The incidence and distribution of FBV-1 and FMV were determined by testing in PCR 138 asymptomatic and symptomatic samples. These samples were collected from 60 fig gardens and agricultural fields in three provinces of Iran. The fig infecting viruses FBV-1 and FMV, respectively, were detected in 92 (66.6%) and 34 (24.6%) samples collected from all the surveyed fields. Overall, 24 out of 138 (17.3%) samples showed mixed infections. The sequence analysis of a genomic fragment of 922 nt, comprising the entire ORF-2 and part of the 5’ termini of the ORF-3 of 10 selected FBV-1 Iranian isolates from different provinces, and of the type member from GenBank (Acc. No: JF411989), showed a variation ranging from 1 to 3% at nucleotide level and 1% at the amino acid level. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the FBV-1 isolates into two groups, with the Iranian isolates clustered in two distinct subgroups of group I, according to their geographical origin. In our research, the prevalence and sequence analysis of FBV-1 as the only identified DNA virus infecting fig trees, was studied for the first time in Iran.
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