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Live vaccines prepared from M. intracellulare serotype 5 and 16, BCG and killed vaccine from M. avium, were used for the vaccination against tuberculosis in 2191 chickens, 6-10 weeks old, in a small husbandry. The birds were observed for 15 months after vaccination. None of the vaccines used gave satisfactory protection of the hens against infection with M. avium. The most immunogenic activity was displayed by the vaccine prepared from M. intracellulare serotype 5. The birds immunized with the vaccine were affected with tuberculosis half as often as the control hens.
One thausand and six hundred sixty six embryonated eggs were inoculated with two vaccines, i.e. Iboral I and Bioral H 120. The third group of embryos served as a control. The following factors were taken into consideration: the hatching time, percentage of injured chickens, degree of lesions in vaccinated and dead embryos, time of survivance and level of antibodies in sera at day 2 and 12 after hatching (5 and 15 days after vaccination). Both vaccines caused a slight postvaccinal reaction of the respiratory system and an increase of HI titers at day 15 after vaccination: up to 5.1 (Iboral I) and 4.2 (Bioral H 120) compared with 2.7 in the control. Only after Bioral H 120 an insignificant decrease of the brood (1.2%) and a greater ratio of scrapped chicks were observed in comparison to the control, however, it was still within normal limits. Inoculated and dead embryos were not injured in the both groups. Iboral I caused the insignificant dilatation of the extreme of hatch function and distortion of hatch diagram. The studies showed that the both vaccines were safe for embryos. The proposed analysis of hatch may be considered as a model to assess the safety of vaccines.
Efforts at devising new vaccinations against fish disease involve using antigens which are comprised of compounds contained in the cell membrane of bacteria or extracellular compounds excreted by them. The compounds which are the subject of this type of research are lipopolisaccharides (LPS), polysaccharides (EPS), protein layer A (А-layer), protein regulating the collection of iron substances from the medium, as well as protein ECP extra-cellularly excreted by bacteria. Research is also being conducted into finding an immunogenic compound through using biotechnological methods. One example is obtaining an immunogenic gluco- protein typical for virus 1HN in insect cells, into which the IHNV gene which codes this protein has been previously introduced by use of a vector. As a result of the fact that the most immunologically active atnino- -acid sequence in the IHN glucoprotein virus is 336-444, an attempt has been made to create a vaccination which would contain this sequence. The latter has been synthesised in Escherichia coli plasmodia into which the appropriate gene of the IHN virus has been introduced. Attempts have also been made to inoculate fish with IHN glucoprotein synthesised in-vitro. The article also presents new methods of attenuating bacteria and virus antigens. Attenuation of Aeromonas salmonicida has been achieved through depriving it of protein A and of antigen О in LPS or through removing gene AroA from its genome. Further examples of new methods of attenuation have concerned Renibacterium salmoninarium. Protein p57 has been degraded in the cellular membrane of this bacteria. Attenuation of IHN virus has been achieved by its mutation caused by cultivating it in the presence of neutralising antibodies. The attenuation of herpes virus CCV has also been achieved by depriving it of the tymidine kinase gene. The paper additionally reviews the first research into creating a genetic vaccination for fish.
Six thoroughbred horses formed a study group which was immunized twice with a vaccine (Equigrip, Rhone-Merieux), the control group was six unvaccinated horses. Blood was collected for hematological examinations, cellular immune responses, specific humoral immunity (HI) at days 0, 17, 34, 83, 117 and 123 of the experiment. On day 117 of the experiment, 3 horses of the experimental group and 3 horses of the control group were infected intranasally with a mixture of 2 subtypes (A-l and A-2) of the influenza virus. It is worth noting that 17 days after the first vaccination the lymphocyte stimulation index increased in all horses in the experimental group, while in four of the six unvaccinated horses (control) the index decreased. During this time a statistically significant increase of the specific antibodies titres was not found in vaccinated horses. Six days after the infection, the fairly high level of specific humoral immunity was accompanied by a strong stimulation of cellular immunity, which was expressed as a statistically significant increase in the lymphocyte stimulation index (as determined by the specific blastic transformation test) and was higher in vaccinated horses. Reisolation of the virus, which was attempted five days after the challenge from the nasal cavities of vaccinated horses was unsuccessful, while influenza virus subtype 2 was isolated from each of the vaccinated horses.
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