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Breeding endangered mammals for their conservation requires knowledge about the genetic architecture of the respective species. In taxa with tight genetic cohesion between populations, the definition of management units for captive breeding rarely poses problems, except if there are morphologically well differentiated subspecies grading into one another although they are hardly separate at the molecular level. Species with genetic diversity predominantly between populations can pose serious problems for breeders. Examples are discussed of mammalian species with complex genetic architectures, where decisions have to be drawn whether to select only certain populations for conservation, or to create an artificial taxon. Research into subspecific molecular taxonomy of rare zoo-living wildlife is frequently hampered by small sample sizes available for study, with the risk of spurious molecular taxonomie distances based on marker allele frequencies in populations influenced by genetic drift. "Typological" approaches are suggested for molecular systematics of such study material, with the haplotype organization of polymorphic MHC genes appearing particularly promising. Additional molecular approaches, not easily susceptible to sample size problems, are shortly presented. The implementation of breeding plans to achieve conservation genetic goals may interfere with the social structures of the animals. This group of problems includes the transfer of socially compatible individuals to form new groups, and the provision of suitable sexual partners for mate choice mechanisms to act in their species-specific manner. A survey of scientific research in European zoos is provided to recognize what is being done to fight the current ignorance about basic aspects of the conservation biology of many endangered mammals.
In this paper, the rediscovery of endemic and long missing species, Scilla mesopotamica Speta which had been only known from the type gathering, is given. The species has not been collected again after Sintenis in 1888, whose specimens served Speta for description of the new taxon. In 2004, the authors found it in a steppic rocky area, near Halfeti in Şanliurfa province, South East Anatolia, Turkey. After analyzing Sintenis' original collection notes, they concluded that this area is identical with the type locality. S. mesopotamica has an extremely limited distribution and is represented by less than 200 specimens in the single known population that covers less than 50 m2. Taxonomy of the species, detailed description with illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, ecology and status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments on conservation of the plant are also presented.
A sample of Betula nana from the Linie reserve near Dąbrowa Chełmińska, have been fingerprinted using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The high level of genetic variation was detected. All individuals had unique genotypes, supporting the generally high resolving power of RAPD’s. For the conservation strategy, information about the distribution of the genetic variation within and among populations plays very important role. Thus, extensive study in other populations of dwarf birch is needed.
Almost at one half of the localities their natural water regime has been substitially changed, at some other localities it has been at least partly changed and only at 2-5 localities the recent state of water regime can be considered more or less natural. 12 localities have been in the past heavily degraded by peat extraction. In spite of the high degree of deterioration, many of the remaining peatbogs can be still considered important for the biodiversity, since they represent important habitats for many rare and threatened plant and animal species. From the restoration measures suggested, the most frequent is the filling (blocking) of drainage ditches (18 localities) and the restoration of the regulated watercourses to increase the ground water tables (13 localities).
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Valsa viburni, a rare fungus in Europe?

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The paper provides brief illustrated description and general distribution of Valsa viburni. The fungus is found to be highly host-specific and confined to Viburnum lantana. According to currently available data on its distribution, the species has small number of records, fragmented range and is shown to be rare in Europe. However, before assessment of the species, information on any additional unrecorded specimens is needed. On the example of V. viburni, some issues on fungal conservation for species of microfungi are considered.
Most of the little information available on the foraging ecology of the threatened Geoffroy's bat Myotis emarginatus refers to areas outside the Mediterranean Basin. In this study, we analysed habitat selection by this species in a typical Mediterranean landscape. We radio-tracked a breeding colony (adults and juveniles) in the Iberian Peninsula and analysed habitat selection patterns. Although we confirmed the species' preference for forest, olive groves also appeared an important foraging habitat for both adults and juveniles. Juveniles proved to be less mobile than adults, moving on average 1.6 km less than adults in displacements to foraging sites and preferred more accessible habitats. We highlight here the importance of traditionally managed olive groves as foraging sites for this threatened bat. The ripping-up of ancient olive groves and their replacement by intensively managed cropland, urban areas or shrubland represents a significant threat for this vulnerable species in Mediterranean landscapes.
Analysis of stakeholders’ implementation of the National Strategy for sustainable utilisation and conservation of animal genetic resources in Poland. The study, based on the customised questionnaire, was aimed at evaluating the contribution of relevant stakeholder groups in the implementation of Strategic Priorities and specific tasks identified in the Action Plan to the National Strategy. The analysis shows that breeders associations and other organizations entrusted with herd book keeping, as well as agricultural universities, are significantly contributing to the implementation of the National Strategy. In addition, significant involvement in implementation was reported by regional authorities (Marshal’s Offices in voivodships) and extension services. Public administration and governmental agencies proved to be heavily engaged in implementation and enforcement of specific areas of the Action Plan.
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