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A novel methodology for the reversible competitive condensation of peptide loops to chemoreactive topological templates is presented.
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The aim of this study was to asses the direct effect of ET-1 on spontaneous discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue in the presence of isoproterenol. The experiments were performed on pacemaker tissue of the isolated right auricle of the right heart atrium of a two-day-old rat. The spontaneous discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue was recorded on the ECG apparatus and analyzed by the computer. ET-1 alone did not significantly affect the discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue. Isoproterenol rapidly increased the discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue. ET-1 had negative chronotropic effect in the presence of isoproterenol. JKC – 301, a blocker of ETA receptors, significantly reduced the negative chronotropic effect of ET-1 in the presence of isoproterenol, whereas IRL – 1038, a blocker of ETB receptors, did not significantly affect the negative chronotropic effect of ET-1 in the presence of isoproterenol. In conlusion, the negative chronotropic effect of ET-1 in the presence of beta-adrenergic stimulation the pacemaker tissue of the right auricle of the right heart atrium of the two-day-old rat is mediated by ETA receptors.
Background. Peptides are important components of foods mainly due to their biological activity. The basic method of their identification is reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC- -ESI-MS). Retention time (tR) prediction in silico is very helpful in analysis of multicomponent peptide mixtures. One of problems associated with RP-HPLC-ESI-MS is deterioration of mass spectra quality by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This problem can be avoided through the use of chromatographic columns designed for work with low TFA concentrations in mobile phase. The objective of this study was to determine the correlations between peptide retention times predicted with the use of a program available on-line and experimental retention times obtained using the column working with low TFA concentrations. Material and methods. The set of synthetic peptides and bovine α-lactalbumin fragments (18 peptides) was used in the experiment. Theoretical retention times were calculated using Sequence Specific Retention Calculator (SSRC) program. The experimental retention times were measured via RP-HPLC-ESI-MS method using column working with low TFA content. The dependence between theoretical and experimental tR was expressed via empirical equations. Results. The best correlation between theoretical and experimental retention times of peptides containing at least four amino acid residues has been obtained when third order polynomial (R2 = 0.9536). Prediction quality for diand tripeptides was significantly lower. The method described can be applied for cysteine-containing peptides although our sample preparation procedure did not include modification of this amino acid, taken into attention by SSRC program. Conclusions. The results of this study validate the usefulness of a third degree polynomial as a simple function describing the correlation between peptide retention times predicted by an on-line application and experimental retention times. The above function can effectively predict retention times in situations when experimental conditions differ from the computational environment (various columns, mobile phase composition, use or resignation from chemical modifications during sample preparation, various HPLC equipments). On-line available tR predicting application with correction based on user’s own data may be a useful tool in food peptidomics.
Conformations of three series of peptides: H-Trp-(Pro)n-Tyr-OH (n = 1-5), H-Trp-(Pro)n-Met-OH (n = 1-3) and H-Tyr-(Pro)n-Met-OH (n = 1-3), used as models in studies on long range electron transfer through protein matrix, were investigated by CD spectroscopy in aqueous solution at pH 5.2 in the temperature range of 10°C-90°C. CD spectra of their component N- and C-terminal dipeptide and oligoproline fragments were also measured under similar conditions. In interpretation of the spectra the cis <-> trans equilibrium about X-Pro bonds was taken into account and CD spectra of Trp-Pro and Tyr-Pro chromophores in trans and cis configuration of the peptide bond were evaluated. The spectra of n = 3-5 peptides from the first series and those with n = 2-3 from the other two series exhibit a strong negative band in the 202-207 nm region, the strength of which is proportional to the number of Pro residues in the (Pro)n bridge, and characterized by a large temperature decrement. In view of close similarity between characteristics of this band and the 206 nm band of aqueous oligoproline peptides = 3), known to attain a left handed helical conformation similar to that of 31 helix of the all-trans poly-L-proline II, this band was attributed to a conformation of the latter type. H-Trp-(Pro)2-Tyr-OH does not form this conformation due to sterical interaction between the two bulky aromatic side chains. Conclusions drawn from analysis of the CD spectra are supported by 1H and C13 NMR data reported elsewhere (Poznański et al., 1993, Biopolymers 33,781-795).
The review presents specific interactions that occur in complexes of Cu(ll) ions with peptides composed only of amino acids with nonco-ordinating side chains. Three classes of such peptides are discussed. The first type (NSFRY analogues) is characterised by the presence of a specific combination of bulky and aromatic residues, leading to a formation of multiple weak interactions around Cu(II) that result in an extremely high stability of complexes. The second class is composed of complexes of vasopressins and oxytocins, achieving superstability through a pre-conformation in the peptide molecule. The third group are oligopeptides containing one or two proline residues. These peptides form exotic macrochelate loops with Cu(ll) in a result of the break-point effect of Pro residues. Particular emphasis in the review was given to stability constants of complexes, compared to oligoglycine or oligoalanine peptides.
In order to be able to study complex biological samples, a micro-capillary liquid chro­matography system was coupled to a 9.4 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The setup was tested on a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin, which resulted in high sequence coverage (> 92 %) of the protein.
Recently several new evidences have appeared on biological role of native short peptides. This is an overview on two of them occurring in plants: systemin and ENOD 40.
This review is a brief description of the current state of research on the functional and bioactivite properties of caseins, their hydrolysates and peptides. The functional properties of casein and casein-originated hydrolysates and peptides reflect the natural features of their molecules and environmental characteristics. Many proteolytic enzymes are used for modifying functional and biological properties of caseins. Enzymatic modifications influence the conformation of casein molecules and, in consequence, their properties. The functional properties of caseins may improve upon partial hydrolysis. Peptides derived from casein proteins are capable of affecting the biological functions of an organism. These effects can be antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, immunoregulating and opioid.
The aim of the present review was to describe the application of diode-array detectors for the identification of HPLC-separated chemical compounds on the basis of their UV/Vis spectra. Diode-array detectors serve to identify compounds containing conjugated double bonds, especially aromatic compounds, and to evaluate their purity. This group of compounds includes: peptides and proteins (in that case aromatic amino acid residues are chromophores), anthocyanins and other flavonoids, other phenolic compounds, carotenoids and other dyes. The most simple strategy of interpreting UV/Vis spectra is to determine the location of absorbance maximum in zero order spectra (such a strategy is usually applied in dye analysis). The absorbance ratio at different wavelengths was used to identify and investigate structural changes in proteins and peptides. Chemometrical analysis of zero order spectra provides a basis for evaluating peak purity and choosing the background spectrum. Derivatives of spectra may be characterised via determination of convexity intervals, location of minima of second derivative, calculation of amplitudes of second and third derivatives or similarity indices between derivatives of individual spectra. The possibilities offered by UV/Vis spectroscopy cover, among others, discrimination between spectra of proteins with different contents of aromatic amino acids (mainly tyrosine and tryptophan), as well as discrimination between spectra of anthocyanins containing the same chromophore but different glycosidic moieties.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identification of biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides and neurotransmitters. Recent development of the nanospray techniques, applied at ultralow flow-rates, allowed a sensitive analysis of compounds at femto/attomolar level. Here, we present application of a novel nanospray device for the analysis and fragmentation of peptides with high sensitivity on a sector instrument. The lowest applied flow-rate of the mobile phase was maintained at 50 nl/min with a sample load of 90 fmol. Nanospray also provided a complete analysis of 500 nl of the sample for over 10 min, including sequencing of as little as 40 pmol of a substance. Such analysis provides full structural information necessary to identify the molecules.
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