Modern physical culture was one of the many important processes that have taken over the political, social, and cultural life in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. At the turn of the 19th century in Germany, two big middle-class organizations have been formed to deal with physical activity affairs: the German Gymnastics Association (Deutsche Turnerschaft; the Turnverein) and dynamically-growing English sports. The paper demonstrates the relations between the Turnverein movement and the world of sport in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. The German Gymnastics Association, an organization founded in the 60s of the 19th century, had long-time achievements initiated by the work of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. Simultaneously, the world of sport in Germany was concentrated on the newly-founded in 1904 German Olympics Committee – primary organization bringing together several various federations of sport disciplines. It was an organization primarily brought into existence to coordinate the debut appearance of the German Empire in the restored by P. Coubertain Olympic Games.
Das „Kritische Repertorium der Forstwissenschaft und ihrer Hülfswissenschaften“ von Wilhelm Pfeil 1830 als Beispiel des Reichtums an Fachliteratur über Holz und Holzerzeugnisse. Im nachfolgenden Artikel bringen die Autoren eine Auswahl aus dem von Prof. Wilhelm Pfeil verfassten Repertorium der Forstwissenschaft, das eine Zusammenstellung von Abhandlungen über die Holzeigenschaften enthält, um aufzuzeigen, wie umfangreich die Fachliteratur zu diesem Thema schon Anfang des 19. Jh. war. Die Titel der Bücher wurden von den Autoren in zweifacher Weise angegeben: Zum einen, wie sie von Prof. Pfeil zitiert wurden, und zum anderen, wie sie in den Katalogen der Bibliotheken im 21. Jh. zu finden sind (kursiv neben den Originaltiteln).
The year 1899 can be regarded as the beginning of the production of medications for animals in the Polish territories, for it was then that biological preparations made at the Department of Hygiene of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków were first mentioned by the press. The interwar period saw the development of not only the veterinary and bioveterinary industry, but also legislation that regulated its functioning. Although very advanced for those times, those laws were also susceptible to different interpretations and could easily be circumvented. In 1939, there were 33 Polish companies producing synthetic preparations and 6 producing serums and vaccines. One serious problem of the Polish pharmaceutical industry was the deficiency of domestic investment capital. The foreign ownership of the pharmaceutical industry amounted to 30%. Polish serums and vaccines for humans and animals fully covered the country’s needs and represented the strongest branch of the domestic pharmaceutical industry (in 1939, the Polish production of medicines met 3/4 of domestic demand). The development of industrial pharmacy in Poland was stopped by the outbreak of the Second World War. Many buildings were destroyed already at the beginning of the war in 1939. Post-war years showed that the foundations of the Polish pharmaceutical industry (including its veterinary branch) were solid. Polish pharmaceutical companies mostly recovered and sometimes even expanded their productive potential after the war.
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