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Xerothermic organism, thanks to its anatomical and morphological qualities, can survive in arid environments. The steppe plants can, surprisingly, be found in Poland. Świętokrzyskie voivodship, Małopolska and Lubelska Plateaus are home to the biggest variety of this type of plant, although they can be found in other regions, too. The authors discuss the typical associations of xerothermic plants focusing on their colours and their importance for the beauty of the landscape.
In the 50-ty years was performed the regulation of the Łabuńka river and detailed ameliorations in the swampy valley poorly available for agriculture. The majority of meadows was ploved and sown by standard mixtures, prevailed by Alopecurus pratensis for more humid soils and Arrhenatherum elatius for drier ones. During 60-ty years the effects of and amelioration were estimated. Found was that in only several years after an amelioration the swamps processes start to dislodge peat processes, whereas the species composition of meadows undergoes disadvantageous changes in undesirable direction for agriculture. More general data regarding to plant cover of meadows from that period and composition of sown mixtures stated the start point for actual study of meadows complexes. An aim of the phytosociological researches, concluded in years 1987-1988 and again in 1997 was paying an attention on the transformations on the plant cover of meadows in many years after finishing of an amelioration. In general the succession progresses from the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea communities introduced to the meadows during their after amelioration cultivation to the communities of Phragmitetea and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae classes. Contemporary meadow communities were differentiated by the humidity of habitats, fertilization or its lack and utilization or its abandonment.
The floral investigation conducted in the zone of scarps of midfield water basins of opened water located on the area of the Wełtynska Plain, differentiated the greatest area occupied by meadow species. The second largest group were rushes. Also, great number was taken place by family grass and composites. The reason for such distribution was high differentiation of humid habitats. The flora was dominated by hemicryptophytes and geophytes. The researched area, in respect of geographical division, was predominated by Euro-Siberian, cosmopolitan and connecting species. Because of great floral variety in the zone of scarps farmers should consider relingvishing their agrotechnical interventions in the area discussed.
The plant cover of subalpine and alpine helt of Pokucko-Marmaroskie Mountains consists of semi-natural and natural plant communities. Some of these communities are endemic for the Eastern Carpathians. The aim of our work was a preliminary characteristics or common plant associations used as a pastures and their positioning in Polish taxonomy of plant communities. In years 2000-2004 we collected the data using Braun-Blanquet method. This paper contains the characteristics of Poo-Deschampsietum and Calamagrostietum villosae belonging to the class Betulo-Adenostyletea, Junco trifidi-Festucetum airoidis and Caricetum sempervirentis belonging to the class Juncetea trifidii and Mutellino purpureae-Nardetum (class Nardo-Callunetea). From the biological and agricultural point of view the reachest commmunities are Calamagrostietum villosae and Poo-Deschampsieteum. Described forms of these phytocenoses are different from those described by other authors for lower placed stands in Czywczyńskie and Bieszczady Mountains. They have typical combination of characteristic species but haven't any companion species belonging to the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. On the base of their agricultural usefulness and natural value we indicate the need of their protection. Communities Junco trifidi-Festucetum airoidis and Caricetum sempervirentis occure mainly in the alpine belt, above the reservation border, where pasturage is rare. A special emphasis is put on the characteristics of Caricetum sempervirentis because this natural phytocenose has never been mentioned in Polish literature as an association. The most devastated by pasturage plant cover is placed near farmers building. At these places the vegetation is dominated by Nardus stricta. We described the most common form of such phytocenoses as an association Mutellino purpureae-Nardetum. Plant communities mentioned above occupy slopes of investigated mountains in the original topographic scquence. It is due to decrcasing with altitude human activity and changing environmental conditions.
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