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970 samples of Ixodes ricinus were collected in various areas within the investigated terrain in order to detect the causes of Tick Borne Encephalitis (TBE) in humans. At the same time the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and TBE virus were detected in goat population within this area. Blood sera were tested by the Waldeland modified micro titration Dye Test (DT) for Toxoplasma gondii, and ELISA and HAI tests were also used to investigate seroprevalence to the TBE virus. It was found that 4 out of the 5 tested goats herds had Toxoplasma gondii and TBE virus antibodies. 52.63 % of small ruminants had antibodies to T. gondii and 11.8 % to TBE virus in the infected herds of the tested goats. Significant differences were also observed between age groups (P<0.05).
The presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted zoonotic pathogen, has been reported in Italy in humans and several animal species, including dogs, but data concerning its prevalence in the Italian canine population are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum infection in hunting dogs which live in geographic areas of central Italy where the infection had been previously detected in wild animals. Sera from 215 hunting dogs were tested by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) to detect antibodies to A. phagocytophilum. Buffy coat samples from the same 215 animals were submitted to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for the A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene. Thirty-two (14.8%) dogs proved to be seropositive with antibody titres from 1:40–1:2,560. The highest seroprevalence was observed in dogs 6–10-year-old. Two seropositive (0.9%) animals were also PCR positive. Sequencing of PCR products revealed gene sequences of A. phagocytophilum in both cases. These results confirm the presence of A. phagocytophilum in the Italian areas studied; thus, the zoonotic potential of this agent should be considered particularly for people, as hunters, at risk of exposure to tick bites.
The intracellular survival of Campylobacter has been described within epithelial cells as well as in macrophages in vitro. The goal of this study was to estimate the viability of the genetically diverse C. jejuni and C. coli strains in the macrophage J774 cell line. Strains selected for analysis differed with regard to the occurrence of genes encoding specific virulence factors. The present work indicates that was no correlation between the source of isolates and relative intracellular survival.
Nematode worms of the genus Trichinella are one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens. Natural transmission between hosts can only occur through the ingestion of infected meat. To date, two Trichinella species are known to be etiological agents of disease among domestic animals and wildlife in Poland: T. spiralis and T. britovi. In the last decades, since the administration of an oral vaccination against rabies, the red fox population in Poland has increased exponentially. The study area covers the Nowy Targ region: a mountainous area (585–1138 m above the sea) in southern Poland. Of 24 red foxes examined in the study, four were infected with Trichinella isolates: three were identified as T. britovi and one as T. pseudospiralis. The muscle of red foxes infected with T. britovi harboured 2.75, 3.11, 4.4 LPG and with T. pseudospiralis 0.36 LPG. Trichinella larvae were identified at species level by genomic and mitochondrial multiplex PCR, the products of which were sequenced for comparison with other sequences available in GenBank. The sequences obtained from the Polish T. pseudospiralis isolate, deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers JQ809660.1 and JQ809661.1, matched sequences already published in GenBank. Sequence comparison showed a 100% match with the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene of T. pseudospiralis isolate ISS 013, and a 96–95% match with those of T. pseudospiralis isolates ISS 141 and ISS 470. This is the first report of the identification of T. pseudospiralis larvae from red fox in Poland.
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