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Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most pathogenic zoonotic parasites in the temperate and arctic region of the Northern Hemisphere. For estimating the potential risk of human infection in endemic areas, reliable antemortem methods are needed to detect the parasite in carnivore definitive hosts. The sensitivity of routine flotation techniques for detection of E. multilocularis eggs was found to be low (3–33%) depending on the flotation solution used (specific gravities = 1.3–1.4). An improved faecal flotation followed by a species-specific PCR is described with a sensitivity of 74% (95% CI = 62–84%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI = 94–100%). These parameters are similar to those of the intestinal scraping technique (sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 100%). The sensitivity of the improved flotation was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than that of routine flotation techniques. The costs of the method are similar or lower than those of other antemortem diagnostic methods. Based on these data, the method is suitable for surveys of domesticated and wild carnivores.
As an adult, Eustrongylides ignotus, recognized as a zoonotic parasite, is a parasitic nematode found in the gastrointestinal tract of fish-eating birds. As larvae, they are found in the connective tissue or body cavities of freshwater fish. In Japan, E. ignotus and E. tubifex have been found in three avian species, but their distribution in intermediate and paratenic hosts remains unclear. For this study, 16 commercial raw Japanese smelts, Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis, were used for parasitological examination. A pinkish red worm collected from the abdominal wall of one smelt (6.3%) was identified as E. ignotus based on the high sequence similarity (99.9%) of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene and the morphology of its cephalic and caudal ends. Furthermore, a Raphidascaris-like nematode was found in the intestines of five smelts examined (31.3%) and was identified as R. gigi in view of the absence of lateral cuticular alae. Eustrongylides ignotus and R. gigi have been reported in various freshwater fish, but not in smelts. Therefore, this finding of E. ignotus and R. gigi in H. transpacificus nipponensis represents a new host record.
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