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The application of radioactive tracers in pathophysiological examinations of domestic and laboratory animals infected with parasites was described. The results of these studies on the turnover of proteins and formation of immune complexes are important for understanding of parasite diseases. The meaning of radioisotopes as an indispensable tool in observations of dynamic processes was demonstrated.
Pathological changes of liver in infection of Fasciola hepatica. Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is a hepatic parasitic infection that affects numerous mammal species, mainly ruminants, in several countries of Europe, Asia and America. The economic significance of fasciolosis is mainly due to direct losses caused by a decrease of weight rate, milking capacity and the confiscation of altered livers in slaughterhouse. In this review we present mechanisms of damaging of host liver during invasion of Fasciola hepatica. Parasites digest hepatic tissue and cause extensive parenchymal destruction with intensive haemorrhagic lesions and immunological reactions. Mechanical liver damage is due to migrating juvenile fluke. Macerated hepatic cells have been observed inside the oral sucker and pharynx. Moreover, the process of ulceration of liver tissue was observed in regions adjacent to the spiny body of fluke tegument. On the other hand, the injury of the liver can be induced chemically by factors produced or induced by the fluke. Probably, fluke proteases and other tissue-degrading enzymes can be responsible for negative effect on liver parenchyma. There is no evidence to link fluke-enzymes with tissue penetration. The consequences of liver damage resulting from the migrating flukes compromises liver function which is reflected in changes of plasma protein concentration (albumin, globulin). Additianally, changes of levels of hepatic enzymes released into the blood as a result of damage of liver tissue are used to monitor the progress of the infection in a variety of Fasciola hepatica hosts and as a sensitive diagnostic aid in field infection.
The term “aggressive change” has been applied in radiology to describe pathological processes that are characterized by a violent and rapid development, connected with a very weak or even no reaction from the organism. Basic radiographic features that can decide whether the character of the process developing in bones is aggressive are: extraosseous extension/soft tissue mass, periosteal reaction, lesion margin, bone destruction, or rate of change. In this article the rules of interpretation concerning changes that have been noticed on the radiograph have been presented, without delving into the details of establishing the diagnosis of diseases. The degree of aggressiveness of individual radiographic features of abnormal bone tissue can occur differently. They should always be taken into consideration together. Yet those features which indicate a more aggressive character of the pathological process are deigned to be more important.
The author presents the results of the morphologkal studies on the lens of fish infected experimentally and in a natural way (in the river Vistula near Warsaw) with the metacercariae of both flukes. Basing on this and on the literature data a detailed picture of the pathological changes in the eye lens of infected fish has been constructed, the three development stages being accepted as described by other authors. The mechanisms of the influence of the metacercariae on the eye lens are presented. A particular attention has been paid to the significance of the ontogenetic development and the structure of the eye lens, not considered before, and especially to the fissure in the lens (Fig.). The latter, as a result of the metacercariae feeding on the lens material and distend it mechanically as they grow, is transformed into a chamber filled with a loosened lens material and the parasites. This leads to a deglutination of the lens capsule (sometimes on its entire perimeter) from the internal material. A symptom characteristic of the diplostomiasis in Missgurnus fossilis, observed by the author, consisted in fine folding of the capsule. Other symptoms were: besides the damage of the lens surface, changes in its size, deformations, loosening and sometimes breaking, always on the side of the enlarged fissure. Besides, the author confirms the results of observations of other authors and expresses an opinion that the picture of the pathological changes and the degree of vision impairment is influenced by such factors as the density and distribution (signly or in aggregations) of the metacercariae in the lens, and the place of their penetration and the host species.
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