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Oestrus status without standing reflex is enumerated among the typical clinical signs of zearalenone mycotoxicosis in sexually immature gilts. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a low dose of zearalenone applied per os for 7 days on the morphometric results of the organs of the reproductive system in sexually immature gilts that were and that were not subjected to ovariectomy. Zearalenone and α-zearalenole were determined in blood plasma with the common use of separation methods with the columns of immunological affinity and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Tissues of the reproductive system were taken directly after the slaughter (on day 8 of the experiment) for morphometric examinations. The study was carried out on twelve 4 months old gilts, at 38-45 kg of body weight. The results obtained showed that per os application of zearalenone at a dose of 200 µg /kg b.w. for 7 days evoked signs of apparent sexual readiness without standing reflex in gilts after ovariectomy and in physiologically efficient gilts. The level of α-zearalenole had been significantly increased and zearalenone had been noted in blood serum before these signs appeared. Double and triple enlargement of the uterus was noted in both experimental groups. The mass and volume of the ovaries in physiologically efficient gilts diminished about 50%.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of zearalenones (ZEA) on the complete blood cell count and serum chemistry analysis in wild boars (Sus scrofa). At the beginning of the study, blood was collected from 24 wild boars. The following parameters were evaluated: the leukocyte and red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium. The wild boars were then divided into three study groups containing six sows and two boars each. The study was carried out over the course of three years. Group I received feed for fattening boars and corn containing 50 µg of ZEA. Group II received the same feed as group I, with the addition of a pure form of ZEA, supplemented at a dose of 150 µg/kg/day for 7 days every 2 months. In the course of the study, the animals in this group received a total of nine 7-day administrations of this toxin. Group III was the control group. A complete blood cell count and serum biochemical analysis were performed once again at the end of the study, and, in group I, three months after commencing the study. The CBC indices measured at the end of the study did not differ significantly among the three groups. There were significant differences in the AST, ALT and total bilirubin concentrations measured at the end of the study between group I and the remaining two groups. The high AST, ALT and total bilirubin concentrations suggest that a three-year-long ingestion of mouldy feed significantly affects the liver function, but does not cause clinical signs of poisoning.
The aim of the study was to determine the immunolocation of VEGF in the ovarian tissues of 60-day-old gilts. The animals were divided into 5 groups (n=3), depending on the level of feed contamination with natural (ZENn) and/or crystal zearalenone (ZENk) and/or no addition of Fix-A-Tox, mycotoxin absorber and Mycofix Plus causing ZEN chemical degradation. The feed of control groups K1 and K2 contained low levels of ZENn, but group K2 had three times higher levels of ZEN than group K1, and no F-A-T agents or Mycofix Plus. Only group K1 had healthy ovarian tissues displaying VEGF immunoreactivity in the endothelium of the capillaries (mainly circumfollicular) and in the endothelium of the ovarian hilus vessels and epithelial layer. In group K2 the high level of ZENk may have been the major cause of follicular cell degradation, which formed aggregate bundles having strong VEGF immunoreactivity. In groups D1, D2 and D3, immunoreactivity in the ovarian tissues differed in particular structures. In group D1 degeneration was observed in all follicles, including primary and various sized secondary follicles. The most intensive VEGF immunoreactions were characterized by the remains of the oocyt nucleus, ovarian epithelium and blood vessels wall of the ovarian hilus. The most intensive changes were observed in ovaries originating from group D2. Despite the addition of F-A-T absorber, the cell bundles were visible in all ovarian cortexes. Only some small fragments displayed positive VEGF immunoreactivity. D3 was the only experimental group in which reconstruction of the ovarian tissues was possible. After using VEGF the immunoreactions revealed that although various elements had degenerated, some of them still retained both the structure of various sized follicles as well as a developing capillary network. In this case it can not be excluded that Mycofix Plus significantly influenced the absorption of mycotoxin, which, depending on its level in the diet can lead to the complete destruction of ovaries in pigs.
Most plant food products and feed ingredients can be contaminated with small doses of fusarial mycotoxins, which cause subclinical changes in humans and animals. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the effect of low doses of zearalenone (40 µg/kg BW) and deoxynivalenol (12 µg/kg BW) administered daily per os to gilts on T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4⁺CD8⁻,CD4⁺CD8⁺,CD4⁻CD8⁺) in mesenteric blood during six-week exposure. The experiment was conducted on 36 gilts with an average body weight of 25 ± 2 kg, divided into two groups: experimental (E – which received ZEN + DON) and control (C – which received a placebo). Changes in percentages of particular T-lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry. Blood samples were taken at regular weekly intervals from 6 gilts during laparotomy, immediately before the heart’s action ceased. The analyses demonstrated that the E group had a transient decrease in the percentage of T-lymphocytes CD4⁺CD8⁺, as well as some disturbance in the linear correlation of growth within the same population of lymphocytes. Mixed low-dose mycotoxin can also be a cause of temporary immunity decline, as well as a factor responsible for disturbances during the maturation of the immune system.
Celem niniejszej pracy było określenie w zbożach i przetworach zbożowych, znajdujących się w obrocie handlowym na terenie województwa podkarpackiego, zawartości następujących mikotoksyn: aflatoksyny B1, sumy aflatoksyn B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoksyny A (OTA), deoksyniwalenolu (DON) oraz zearalenonu (ZEA). Średnia zawartość deoksyniwalenolu (DON) była największa w ziarnie zbóż oraz w mące. Ponadto w przypadku jednej próbki mąki maksymalne stężenie badanej mikotoksyny (784 µg/kg) przekroczyło dopuszczalny poziom 750 µg/kg. Oznaczone w ziarnie zbóż i przetworów zbożowych stężenie zearalenonu (ZEA) było wyraźnie mniejsze niż zawartość deoksyniwalenolu. W żadnej z badanych próbek nie stwierdzono przekroczenia przyjętego dopuszczalnego stężenia tej mikotoksyny. Największe stężenie ochratoksyny A (OTA) występowało w ziarnie zbóż (1,23 µg/kg) i w mące (1,44 µg/kg). W pobranych próbkach makaronu wykazano, że w 6,6 % materiału badawczego stężenie ochratoksyny A (OTA) przekroczyło zalecaną wartość. W przetworach zbożowych średnia zawartość aflatoksyny B1 nie przekroczyła przyjętego dopuszczalnego poziomu. Jedynie w 9,5 % badanych próbek makaronu stężenie wymienionej mikotoksyny przekraczało dwukrotnie dopuszczalną wartość. Średnia zawartość sumy aflatoksyn B1, B2, G1, G2 była największa w próbach mąki (0,77 µg/kg). W pozostałych przetworach zbożowych średnia zawartość tych mikotoksyn była wyrównana (0,30 µg/kg) i nie przekraczała dozwolonych wartości.
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