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One thausand and six hundred sixty six embryonated eggs were inoculated with two vaccines, i.e. Iboral I and Bioral H 120. The third group of embryos served as a control. The following factors were taken into consideration: the hatching time, percentage of injured chickens, degree of lesions in vaccinated and dead embryos, time of survivance and level of antibodies in sera at day 2 and 12 after hatching (5 and 15 days after vaccination). Both vaccines caused a slight postvaccinal reaction of the respiratory system and an increase of HI titers at day 15 after vaccination: up to 5.1 (Iboral I) and 4.2 (Bioral H 120) compared with 2.7 in the control. Only after Bioral H 120 an insignificant decrease of the brood (1.2%) and a greater ratio of scrapped chicks were observed in comparison to the control, however, it was still within normal limits. Inoculated and dead embryos were not injured in the both groups. Iboral I caused the insignificant dilatation of the extreme of hatch function and distortion of hatch diagram. The studies showed that the both vaccines were safe for embryos. The proposed analysis of hatch may be considered as a model to assess the safety of vaccines.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious, viral disease of chickens that causes damage to the respiratory tract, kidneys, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems, as well as muscles. Despite the worldwide distribution of vaccines against IB, the outbreaks of this disease are recorded frequently. This review paper describes the mechanisms of the immune system response against both infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and vaccine IBV, with special attention to the local upper respiratory tract immune mechanisms stimulated in the course of IB. CD8⁺ T cells as well as IgA⁺ and IgY⁺ B memory cells seem to play the most important role in protection against re-infection with IBV. The present paper describes in detail the stimulation of non-specific innate resistance factors and the underlying mechanism of IBV innate immunity breach, as well as the stimulation and acquisition of specificity and immune memory against IBV by immunocompetent cells after both infection and vaccination.
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