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Ptaki parku miejskiego w Starachowicach

75%
Kulon
|
2008
|
tom 13
91-94
Birds were censused in a 10-ha park located in the centre of Starachowice (51003’N, 21004’E). From 11 April to 10 July, 8 counts were performed in the daytime and 4 in the evening. Nesting of 22 species (94.0 p/10 ha) was recorded. The group of dominants consisted of 7 species. Hole nesters and semi-hole nesters accounted for merely 18% of the breeding community.
The model of ideal free distribution (IFD, Fretwell and Lucas 1970, Fretwell 1972) can predict the optimal distribution of individuals of a given animal population between patches of different resource profitability. The two most important assumptions of the IFD model are that (1) each individual is able to assess the level of resources and chose the most proficient location which offers the highest possible fitness gain, and (2) each individual is free to move from one patch to another with no costs involved in its relocation. The IFD model predicts that the density of an animal population reflects resource profitability: the higher the resource levels (resource productivity), the higher the population density (Figs. 1 and 2a). While early examples demonstrated the great predictive value of the IFD model, more recent studies have shown that the model is too robust to accurately reflect animal distribution. Considerable empirical data have shown that there are consistent deviations from the IFD, and that densities in proficient sites are often lower than expected from the outcome of this model, and vice versa. The original imperfect IFD model (Fig. 2a) has therefore been gradually replaced by various modifications, including those that consider the inability to correctly assess the resource profitability level (Fig. 2b), the effect of competitive interference (Fig. 3), differences in superiority in resource competition (Fig. 4), and other factors such as travel costs. However, the aforementioned modifications are not as important for individual fitness as the separate components of individual growth P, either by reduced assimilation A or elevated respiration R (P = A - R).
Acta Ornithologica
|
1997
|
tom 32
|
nr 2
175-184
Work done in the years 1991-1994 involved an assessment of breeding bird density and numbers of species in relation to habitat structure in 74 plots located in mid-field woods in an agricultural landscape 50 km south of Poznań (W Poland). A total of 68 breeding species were recorded, with a density of 14.6 pairs/ha. The dominants in the community were: Fringilla coelebs (15.7%), Emberiza citrinella (12.8%), Passer montanus (7.4%), Miliaria calandra (5.1%). In the avenue-shaped woods the density (9.8 p/ha) and mean number of species (10) were lower than in wood belts (where the respective figures were 18.3 p/ha and 16 species) or clumps (14.9 and 21). The densities of birds expressed per unit of length were 13.8 p/km in avenues compared with 33.6 p/km in belts. It was found that 74-91% of differences in the numbers of species and densities in the different types of woods could be related to just several habitat parameters, above all the age of tree stand, the percentage cover of tree stand and shrub layers and the area of the given wood.
Kulon
|
2006
|
tom 11
98-101
18
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Ptaki legowe odlogow trawiastych okolic Olsztyna

75%
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