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Evaluation of health benefits of peripheral resistance training based on energy expenditure in women aged 25-35 years

100%

Rozpara M., Nowak E., Nawrocka A., Polechonski J., Debska M., Mlynarski W.

Health Problems of Civilization

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2019

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tom 13

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nr 1

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential health benefits of peripheral strength training in women according to the ACSM protocol. Material and methods. This study involved 90 women aged 29.2±3.3 years, who performed three sets of 10 resistance exercises repeated 10-15 times with a 60% load of 1RM. Energy expenditure (EE) during the exercises was measured with the Caltrac Monitor accelerometer. Their intensity (relative EE) was expressed in kcal/min. Results were compared to the recommended volume of daily physical activity according to the proposals of Paffenbarter and colleagues. Effort of at least moderate intensity (5.5-7.4 kcal/min) was considered to be beneficial for health. Results. The average EE of the entire training was 293 kcal, resistance exercises 230 kcal and the average intensity effort was 7.3 kcal/min. It was shown that peripheral resistance training, according to the ACSM Protocol, allowed all examined women to fulfil pro-health recommendations for the volume and intensity of daily physical activity (in terms of absolute and relative energy expenditure). Conclusions. Peripheral resistance training in accordance with ACSM protocol can be recommended to women aged 25-35 as a form of implementation of pro-health recommendations in the scope of due daily energy expenditure on physical effort, as well as its intensity.

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Assessment of dietary behaviour of young women particularly vulnerable to eating disorders

100%

Lagowska K.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Food Science and Technology

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2016

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tom 19

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nr 1

3

The sense of life satisfaction versus dietary choices of young women doing fitness for recreational purposes

100%

Gacek M.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

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2017

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tom 68

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nr 1

Background: The health potential of a person can be improved thanks to recreational physical activity and rational diet. The sense of life satisfaction is also one of significant health resources. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the relations between the level of life satisfaction and the frequency of consuming selected products in the group of young women who engage in fitness for recreational purposes. Material and Methods: The study involved 200 young women (20-30 years old) who regularly do recreational physical activity in fitness clubs in Małopolska. An original questionnaire was used to measure the frequency of consumption of food products, with the following scale: several times a day, once a day, several times a week, once a week, several times a month, and more rarely / never. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener et al., adapted into Polish by Juczyński, was used to measure life satisfaction. The results were analyzed with the use of U Mann-Whitney test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients in a statistical package PQStat ver. 1.6. Results: Statistical analysis showed that along with higher life satisfaction, women significantly less often consumed: white bread (p<0.05) and whole milk (p<0.05), and significantly more often: wholemeal bread (p<0.05), whole-grain rice and pasta (p<0.001), legumes (p<0.05), fermented milk products (p<0.05), fish (p<0.05), seafood (p<0.01), beef (p<0.01) and vegetable juices (p<0.001). The comparison of the mean frequency of consumption of certain foods depending on the level of life satisfaction (low vs. high according to the SWLS) showed that women who displayed high life satisfaction significantly more often consumed wholemeal bread (p<0.01), whole-grain rice and pasta (p<0.001), curd cheese with reduced fat content (p<0.05), seafood (p<0.05), beef (p<0.001) and vegetable juices (p<0.05), and significantly less often, sweets and confectionery (p<0.05) than did women displaying low life satisfaction. Conclusions: The study proved the predictive role of life satisfaction in the development of eating habits of young, physically active women, indicating more rational dietary choices of women with higher levels of this individual quality.

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Association analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density in young women with Graves' disease

100%

Horst-Sikorska W., Ignaszak-Szczepaniak M., Marcinkowska M., Kaczmarek M., Stajgis M., Slomski R.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2008

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tom 55

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nr 2

371-380

Graves’ (GD) hyperthyroidism induces accelerated bone turnover that leads to decreased bone mineral density (BMD). The role of the VDR gene in predisposition to primary osteoporosis has been recognized. Recent studies show associations between the VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Here we analyzed if VDR gene polymorphisms: BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and Fok I may predispose women with Graves’ hyperthyroidism to BMD reduction or to disease development. The subjects were 75 premenopausal female Polish patients with GD and 163 healthy women. The genotyping was performed by the use of the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). We studied the association of the VDR polymorphisms and their haplotypes with patients’ BMD and also SNPs and haplotypes association with Graves’ disease. We found a strong linkage disequilibrium for the BsmI, ApaI, and Taq I polymorphims that formed three most frequent haplotypes in Graves’ women: baT (47.9%), BAt (34.9%), and bAT (16.4%). We did not show statistically significant association of analyzed VDR polymorphisms or haplotypes with decreased bone mineral density in Graves’ patients. However, the presence of F allele had a weak tendency to be associated with Graves’ disease (with OR=1.93; 95% CI: 0.97–3.84; p=0.058). In conclusion: VDR gene polymorphisms do not predict the risk of decreased BMD in Polish women with Graves’. It may be speculated that the F allele carriers of the VDR Fok I polymorphism are predisposed to Graves’ disease development

5

Assessment of dietary choices of young women in the contexts of hormonal contraceptives

100%

Friedrich M., Junak M.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

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2017

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tom 68

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nr 1

Background. Metabolic changes caused by hormonal contraception combined with unbalanced diet may pose many threats, and deficiency or excess of nutrients may increase the risk of using such contraceptives. Objective. The purpose of the survey was to assess the dietary choices of young women using hormonal contraceptives, taking into account their general knowledge about the contraception and its impact on their bodies. Material and methods. The survey comprised 67 women aged from 18 to 25 years. In of three-day menus (201 daily food rations) of the women under research the content of energy and most of nutritious ingredients wandered away from recommended values in Poland. Each respondent additionally filled in a questionnaire concerning her: anthropometric data, education, place of residence; the type, name and time of taking contraceptives; purpose for using hormonal contraception along with its determinants; duration of use, breaks in contraceptive practice; occurrence of side effects during contraceptive use; stimulants used; physical activity, incidence of diarrhoea and vomiting, and dietary supplements use. Results. The assessment of nutritional status of young women taking hormonal contraceptives has shown a number of nonconformities. The survey has revealed insufficient energy value of the menus, and incorrect proportions of basic nutrients, from recommended values, what was reflected in insufficient intake of vitamins (A, D, E, C, B1, B3, B6, and folates) and minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Fe). An excessive consumption of proteins, animal-based in particular, and insufficient consumption of lipids and carbohydrates, polysaccharides in particular, what resulted in insufficient consumption of dietary fibre. Conclusions. Nutritional choices of the respondents were typical to their gender and age, but were not adjusted to the use of hormonal contraceptives. Side effects observed by the respondents, mainly weight gain, may have been a summary result of improper eating behaviors that facilitated accumulation of body fat and water.

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The effects of a 10-week step aerobics training on VO2max, isometric strength and body composition of young women

84%

Drobnik-Kozakiewicz I., Sawczyn M., Zarebska A., Kwitniewska A., Szumilewicz A.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2013

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tom 04

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nr 4

Health status is partly determined by physical fitness level. Physical fitness can be developed through different physical activities under condition that regularity and intensity are maintained on optimal level. One of such physical activities is step aerobics - one of the most popular collective fitness forms offered in fitness clubs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of step aerobics training on VOmax, isometric strength and body composition of young female students. Female students aged 19–21 of University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk were subjects in this study. VO2max, isometric strength of elbow flexors and knee extensors, as well as body composition, were measured week before and week after a ten-week step aerobics training. For statistical analysis, basic descriptive statistics and student’s t-test were applied for dependent variables. After ten weeks of training there were no statistically significant changes in body composition, probably due to lack of calorie intake control. Significant changes were observed in isometric strength of elbow flexors but no changes in isometric strength of knee extensors. There was a compensation in isometric strength noted between left and right leg after ten weeks of training, where left leg was weaker than the right leg before training. Significant changes were noted in VO2max values, which increased from 42.04 ml/kg/min–1 to 45.71 ml/kg/min–1. Step aerobics training can sufficiently increase VO2max in young females and has a potential in developing strength of upper extremities. When body composition is the main purpose, diet should be taken under consideration.

7

The relationship between obesity and the incidence of infertility in women

84%

Kryska S.

Health Problems of Civilization

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2014

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tom 08

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nr 3

A significant increase in the incidence of obesity, which has taken place in recent years caused that began to talk about the epidemic of obesity. This problem is characteristic of highly developed countries. Increasingly, also occurs in developing countries, including Polish. It occurs in all age groups and in almost all social groups. The disease is currently diagnosed in almost 25% of the Polish population. Increasingly, it is also diagnosed in young women and pregnant women. The literature increasingly emphasized the importance of obesity in disorders of insemination and proper implantation the fertilized ovum. For women who are overweight and obese, more often than women with normal body weight, comes to ovulation disorders and disturbances in the proper implantation of the fertilized ovum. These disorders result from the accumulation of adipose tissue and hormonal disorders resulting from them. Influence on fertility of women have not only expressed as their body weight BMI, but also as the content in the body fat and its distribution. The higher the fat content in the body making it harder and longer may be infertility treatment. It also noted the relationship between fat distribution and duration of treatment of infertility and its effect. More and more often also emphasized the importance of incorrect diets in young women as a factor in reducing fertility. This article is an attempt to collect and characterize the major causes of infertility seen in young women who are overweight or obese.

8

Childlessness - a social problem

84%

Binczycka-Anholcer M., Anholcer A.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2004

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tom 13

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nr Suppl.2, Part 1

A general list of people, which was made in 2002, proved, that demographs are right, natural increase level in Poland is decreasing very fast. Reason of this should be looked for in decrease of amount of child from 204 by 100 women in 1990 to 137 by 100 in 1999. Things, which caused that state, are: 30% marriages in Poland can't have children, change of hierarchy of life priorities, childless caused by choice, especially popular within group of young women with high economical status.

9

Sense of social interaction in the elderly

84%

Pokorski M., Cajdler A., Menzyk K.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement

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2008

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tom 59

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nr 6

573-578

10

Depression and memory: a comparative study of young and old women

84%

Pokorski M., Siwiec P.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement

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2008

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tom 59

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nr 6

573-578

11

A levels of endogenous gonadal hormones and their relationship with selected coronary artery disease risk factors among young women post myocardial infarction

84%

Ablewska U., Jankowski K., Rzewuska E., Liszewska-Pfejfer D., Hryniewiecki T.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2011

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tom 58

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nr 3

In recent decades a significant raise in the incidence of myocardial infarction among young women has been recorded. It is presumed that, apart from the classical risk factors, other reasons exist for premature atherosclerosis in young women, related to the homeostasis of gonadal hormones. The aim of the study was to analyze the levels of gonadal hormones (estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone) measured in the luteal phase, in 65 normally menstruating women post myocardial infarction (MI) and to investigate a possible relationship between the hormone profile and selected coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors. The levels of gonadal hormones: estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were measured in the luteal phase. All examined women had normal mean levels of gonadal hormones. In the post MI patients leading a sedentary life style, a significantly lower mean progesterone concentration was observed (16.29 ± 9.11 versus 29.43 ± 21.14 nmol/l, p = 0.05) and significantly higher mean testosterone concentration (2.34 ± 0.98 versus 1.76 ± 1.09 nmol/l, p = 0.05) when compared to patients from the same group, but leading a more active life. In obese post MI women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) a lower mean concentration of progesterone was detected (18.02 ± 8.12 versus 26.16 ± 14.72 nmol/l, p = 0.05), than in slimmer patients from the same group. In post MI women with a positive family history for CAD, a significantly higher mean concentration of testosterone was detected (2.31 ± 1.22 versus 1.67 ± 0.74 nmol/l, p = 0.05) than in patients with no family history. The results suggest a correlation between levels of gonadal hormones and classical CAD risk factors.

12

Relationship among sports participation, self-perception and gender role orientation of adolescent female students in Kwara State, Nigeria

84%

Adebayo B. S.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2022

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tom 38

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nr 02

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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), their prevalence, and awareness among girls of reproductive age of distt mandi Himachal Pradesh, India

84%

Kumar R.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

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2015

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tom 02

Anemia constitutes a public health problem, in both developed and developing countries with major burden on economic and social develop ment. Present study was designed to examine the prevalence of anemia among girl students of Abhilashi College, Distt Mandi Himachal Pradesh. Hemoglobin (Hb) level of 87 girls students was determined . Prevalence of anemia was detected to have been quite high at 55%. Self-awareness of the condition among those anemic was dismally low at 10%. Health education constitutes an important approach to increase awareness about anemia in terms of exposures, risk factors, essential nutrition ingredients an d the importance of iron supplementations. Thus, the present study has tried to focus on those issues which are responsible for determining the level of anemia among wo men aged 20 to 40 years and has also tried to provide scientific exp lanations of iron deficiency anemia.

14

Relative fat content in young women with normal BMI but differing in the degree of physical activity

84%

Sempolska K., Stupnicki R.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

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2007

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tom 58

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nr 1

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between BMI and relative body fat content. Three groups of women, aged 20 - 29 years and having normal BMI values, differing in the degree of practiced physical activities were studied: low activity (n = 59), medium activity (n = 46) and high activity (n = 56). Body fat content was determined by infrared photometry (FUTREX). The percentages of women with excessive fat content (over 25%) from those 3 groups significantly differed and amounted to 44, 32 and 23, respectively. It was concluded that with increasing level of physical activities the percentage of young women with an excessive body fat content, but with BMI within normal limits, decreases. Thus, BMI ought not to be used as an indicator of body composition as it does not reflect body fat content. Individual counselling should be based on both measures, BMI and relative body fat content, taken together.

15

Postprandial response of ghrelin and PYY and indices of low-grade chronic inflammation in lean young women with polycystic ovary syndrome

84%

Zwirska-Korczala K., Sodowski K., Konturek S. J., Kuka D., Kukla M., Brzozowski T., Cnota W., Wozniak-Grygiel E., Jaworek J., Buldak R., Rybus-Kalinowska B., Fryczkowski M.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement

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2008

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tom 59

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nr 2

The aim of the study were to aswer the question 1.) Whether circulating pro-inflammatory markers of endothelial dysfunction and due to chronic low-grade inflammation of obesity, are altered in untreated lean, young relatively healthy polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients in comparison with healthy controls; 2.) Whether postprandial plasma concentration pattern of ghrelin and PYY can be predictable as risk factors for atherosclerosis and depend of obesity. Forty young women with PCOS were divided in two groups: 19 lean and 21 obese. The control group included 20 lean, healthy volunteers. Plasma total and active ghrelin, total PYY and PYY3-36, serum adiponectin and insulin were measured using RIA technique, serum sCD40L, visfatin, sP-, sE-selectins, resistin by EIA. Composition of test meal was: 527 kcal total and consisted of 24.1% fat, 54.4% carbohydrate and 21.5% protein. Total and active ghrelin and total PYY were significantly lower in obese PCOS women, whereas active ghrelin was also significantly lower in lean PCOS women compared to controls. Postprandial plasma total ghrelin levels decrease were blunted in lean and obese compared to controls (12.8 % and 18.2% vs 28.2 %). Postprandial plasma active ghrelin decreased in lean and obese PCOS groups (49.9 % and 44.1 %) and controls (63.8 %). PCOS subjects exhibited smaller rises in postprandial levels of total PYY. Postprandial plasma PYY3-36 levels increased in obese PCOS women (30.9 %) and controls (41%), whereas lean PCOS women exhibited blunted increase (11.5%). sCD40L levels increased, whereas adiponectin decreased in PCOS groups independently, whereas rise in visfatin, sE- and sP-selectin and the fall in adiponectin was associated with obesity. sP- and sE -selectins correlated positively with obesity. In summary, our study provides the first evidence that lean untreated young PCOS women contribute to the so called "pancreatic islet adaptation to insulin resistance" because of ghrelin and PYY profiles. We confirmed existing of low-grade chronic inflammation in early stage of visceral obesity in lean PCOS patients. The lost endogenous "islet adaptation to insulin resistance" may lead to endothelial dysfunction and promote acceleration of atherosclerosis.

16

A subjective dissatisfaction with body weight in young women: do eating behaviours play a role?

67%

Przybylowicz K. E., Jesiolowska D., Obara-Golebiowska M., Antoniak L.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

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2014

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tom 65

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nr 3

Background. Food less frequently used to provide the necessary nutrients for the survival and the body begins to play a role, which it is not able to cope with, leading to a dysfunctional its use. In an era of obesity, excessive interest in his appearance and lean silhouette assigning too much significance relates to a growing number of young women. Young women due to a period of their procreative years are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of abnormal eating habits that threaten the health of women and their offspring. Objectives. In young women of reproductive age, to determine the emotional and habitual reasons behind binge eating and the effect that restriction diets can have for achieving desired body mass in relation to physical activity and the willingness to improve their weight. Material and methods. Subjects surveyed were 372 women aged 18 to 27 years (mean 20.6 ± 1.4) who answered a questionnaire on dietary behaviour devised by Ogińska-Bulik and Putyński [21] which had been extended to include body mass perception/image, adoption of slimming diets, levels of physical activity and place of residence. The women’s actual body mass, height and body fat (adipose tissue content) were also measured. Results. Most subjects (63.9%) were dissatisfied with their figures whilst 33.5% underwent slimming diets at least once. Those overweight, complained much more about their figures compared to normal weight women (97.9% vs. 65.1%, p<0.01), as well as being respectively more emotionally prone to overeating (4.5 ± 2.2 vs. 5.2 ± 2 points round, p <0.01), but less for adopting any dietary restriction (3.5 ± 2.7 vs. 4.8 ± 2.3, p <0.01). Conclusions. It seems necessary to create a prevention and educational programs on proper nutrition and the perception of one’s own body as effective tools in reducing eating disorders in terms of the health of young women and multigenerational inheritance health of their offspring.

17

Analysis of the dietary factors contributing to the future osteoporosis risk in young Polish women

67%

Sidor P., Glabska D., Wlodarek D.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

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2016

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tom 67

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nr 3

Background. The osteoporosis is becoming serious problem for the preventive healthcare, that is stated for Poland and western countries. The loss of bone mass in women may be even five times higher than in men, so in the osteoporosis preventive strategies, young women are indicated as best potential target group. Objective. The aim of the study was to analyze the osteoporosis risk, on the basis of diet assessment in young Polish women, while satisfying nutritional needs for bone health-related nutrients was taken into account. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in the group of 75 women, aged 20-30, who prepared three-day dietary record (14% of underweight, 15% of excessive body mass individuals). The intakes of nutrients being associated directly with risk of osteoporosis (protein, potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin B6, folates, vitamin B12, vitamin C) were analysed. Results. The vast majority (89%) of individuals was characterized by lower declared energy intake than calculated requirement. The majority was characterized by inadequate intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D and folates. Only 25% was characterized by an adequate intake of calcium and, while supplementation was taken into account, 10% was characterized by an adequate intake of vitamin D. Conclusions. Following diets declared by the analysed young women may be the factor increasing seriously the risk of osteoporosis, as well as the risk of other diet-related diseases. The low intake of majority of analysed nutrients in the analysed group may result mainly from low energy value of declared diets. Taking into account the proper BMI of the majority of analysed group of young women and low energy value of their declared diets, the common underreporting may be supposed, and it may contribute to osteoporosis risk overestimation.

18

Predispositions to anorexia and bulimia nervosa in girls

67%

Gora-Kupilas K., Josko J., Malara B., Miarczynska-Jonczyk H.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2004

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tom 13

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nr Suppl.2, Part 1

The aim of the study was to find out predispositions to eating disorders (ED) such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa in girls between 14-19 years, going to grammar or secondary school. 189 girls were to answer questions of Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT26) and fill a questionnaire prepared by authors of the study. Both questionnaires were anonymous. 19 girls (10,1%) attained 20 and more points and were qualified as EAT26+ what means predispositions to eating disorders. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to estimate a state of nutrition. In the group EAT26+ most of the girls (57,9%) presented proper weight-height proportions.

19

Effects of anaerobic exercise on some coagulation factors in non-athletes female students of islamic Azad University of Sanandaj

67%

Foroughi M., Tabatabai E. F.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

|

2015

|

tom 39

The purpose of the present research is compare the effects of coagulation factors in nonathletes gilrs after exhaustive anaerobic activity .Present study was semi-emprical that was done on 12 non-athlete female students in range of 18-24 years. Exercise protocol was RAST test, that in which each person passed amain 35 meters of distance for 6 times and rest 10 seconds between each stage.Blood sampling was performed in two stages (before and after).Datas were analyzed with Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Levine's test and two-way ANOVA level (p < 0/05 ). The results showed that anaerobic exercise had a significant influence on partial time Thromboplastin (PTT), and fibrinogen in non-athletic subjects.But there was not significative difference on Prothrombin time (PT), platelet and hematocrit.Findings suggested that a meeting of anaerobic exercise on blood coagulation factor, effectiveness and changes in some of the invoices for training program Drafradghyrfal is important.

20

Calcium contents in diets and bone mineralization in girls and young women

67%

Rogalska-Niedzwiedz M., Charzewska J., Chabros E., Chwojnowska Z., Wajszczyk B.

Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences

|

2006

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tom 15/56

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nr Spec.Issue 2

The influence of calcium intake on bone mineralisation was evaluated in 200 girls at the age of 11-15 years and 97 women at the age of 20-23 years from a random sample of general population. The nutritional value of diets was estimated with the use of a three-day record method. Bone mineral density (BMD) of two points of radius was measured by a p-DEXA device. Mean daily intake of calcium accounted for 831±363 mg in girls and for 933±401 mg in women. An increase in calcium contents in the diet significantly influenced bone mineralisation only in girls. It was concluded that an insufficient calcium intake during puberty was connected with lower bone mineralization and thereafter risk of osteoporosis development.

Ograniczanie wyników

Evaluation of health benefits of peripheral resistance training based on energy expenditure in women aged 25-35 years

Assessment of dietary behaviour of young women particularly vulnerable to eating disorders

The sense of life satisfaction versus dietary choices of young women doing fitness for recreational purposes

Association analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density in young women with Graves' disease

Assessment of dietary choices of young women in the contexts of hormonal contraceptives

The effects of a 10-week step aerobics training on VO2max, isometric strength and body composition of young women

The relationship between obesity and the incidence of infertility in women

Childlessness - a social problem

Sense of social interaction in the elderly

Depression and memory: a comparative study of young and old women

A levels of endogenous gonadal hormones and their relationship with selected coronary artery disease risk factors among young women post myocardial infarction

Relationship among sports participation, self-perception and gender role orientation of adolescent female students in Kwara State, Nigeria

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), their prevalence, and awareness among girls of reproductive age of distt mandi Himachal Pradesh, India

Relative fat content in young women with normal BMI but differing in the degree of physical activity

Postprandial response of ghrelin and PYY and indices of low-grade chronic inflammation in lean young women with polycystic ovary syndrome

A subjective dissatisfaction with body weight in young women: do eating behaviours play a role?

Analysis of the dietary factors contributing to the future osteoporosis risk in young Polish women

Predispositions to anorexia and bulimia nervosa in girls

Effects of anaerobic exercise on some coagulation factors in non-athletes female students of islamic Azad University of Sanandaj

Calcium contents in diets and bone mineralization in girls and young women