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Within the framework of the research described here, an attempt was made to identify volatile and semivolatile Non-Regulated Organic Compounds present in samples of riverine water. Twenty-five samples, collected from the Odra River during the eighth sample collection in October 2000 within the framework of the International Odra Project, have been analyzed using the PT-TD-GC-MS technique. A computerized analysis with the use of a mass spectrometer pointed to the presence of organic compounds of natural and anthropogenic origin. The concentrations of chloroorganic compounds, i.e. saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated bis-isopropyl ether, in samples of water collected near Brzeg Dolny amounted to about 1 ppb. A slightly narrower spectrum of chloroorganic compounds occurring at lower concentrations was identified in samples of water collected in Głogów. The most likely source of these compounds was the “Rokita” Chemical Plant.
This work presents a method of screening of alkanophenoxy carboxylic (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, MCPP) and phenolic (dinoterb, dinoseb, pentachlorophenol) herbicides in water. The successive steps of the method, i.e. liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and methyl-tert-butyl ether and solid phase extraction using C18-modified silica gel and styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer-packed cartridges as well as an ininjection port derivatization with trimethyl phenylammonium hydroxide, were tested. The conditions of GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were optimized. The method developed was applied to determine selected herbicides in surface waters in the Gdańsk region.
Samples of drinking water collected in Warka-Grójec region of central Poland were tested for the presence of pesticides. Data obtained from analysis of water samples will be used for future epidemiological and environmental studies in the region. Samples were collected during spring and autumn of 2002-2003 from dug wells, deep wells and water mains in 81 randomly-selected rural households scattered throughout this region of extensive agriculture. The concentration of pesticides from four main chemical groups was determined by gas chromatography: organochlorines (lindane, DDT, methoxychlor), triazines (atrazine, simazine), organophosphates (acephate, diazinon, fenitrothion) and pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin). Two-year monitoring of drinking water samples indicated the presence of DDT and methoxychlor contamination. Pyrethroids were generally not detected, with the exception of alpha-cypermethrin found in only a few samples. Triazines were also found in water samples collected in the course of the study with higher incidence during spring period. Organophosphates were by far the most common contaminants of drinking water in this region. Almost all samples were contaminated by signifi cant amounts of fenitrothion. The present study reveals an urgent need for systematic monitoring of drinking water quality in regions of intensive agriculture, since they are highly vulnerable to pesticide contamination. Consumption of pesticide-contaminated water may have a negative impact on the population living in this area, which also requires scientifi c assessment.
The studies included 10 public indoor swimming pools and 3 public open-air swimming pools located in the city of Szczecin. In 2003, water samples were collected for detection of virulent amphizoic amoebae strains. In all pools, 16 strains of thermophilic Acanthamoeba spp. were isolated, 5 of which proved virulent for mice. No pathogenic strains were detected in the water sampled in the indoor swimming pools, and the virulent strains, AD 16, AD 148, AD 166, AM 17, and AM 148, were found only in the open-air swimming pools. The post-mortem studies of mice that had been inoculated with these strains revealed the amoebae invasions in brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen.
The mathematical model that described the relationship between cell-count decay and storage time in fixed bacterioplankton samples from three Antarctic lakes of differing trophic status was determined after a one-year experiment. Bacterial density was estimated by epifluorescence microscopy. Cell count data fitted a negative exponential model in all three cases (p < 0.00001). However, the slopes of their curves were significantly different (p < 0.01), as well as the percentage of bacterial loss after a period of two months. This fact might be related to the limnological characteristics of the water bodies, though the individual genetic variability of their bacterioplankton should not be left aside. Original bacterial numbers in the samples could also be a reason of the differences observed in the pattern of decay in cell counts. Thus, applying a general decay function to any sample and assuming the idea that freshwater bacterioplankton samples can be stored for a two month-period before the bacterial counts decay, can lead to an erroneous estimation of bacterial numbers with direct consequences in ecological investigations.
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are present in environmental waters in the range of 1 to 5,000 ppm and different methods have been reported for their determination. In this paper we have studied and compared analytical performance parameters for the distillation method followed by potentiometric titration, spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic methods. The main disadvantage of the distillation approach was quite poor absolute recovery (53-58%) from the given matrix and rather elevated limit of quantification (LOQ) at 110 mg/L. Direct potentiometric titration was characterized by acceptable accuracy (above 97%) and precision in the range 1.8%-15%. The LOQ value was 11 mg/L. The spectrophotometric method was sensitive for hydrogen carbonate alkalinity and phosphate ions; measured concentrations of acetic acid were lower than nominal. The precision and accuracy of the spectrophotometric method were in the ranges 1.3-14% and 82.1-104.2%, respectively. Limit of quantification was 28 mg/L. However, if ion exchange bed is used prior to this method the LOQ can be reduced to 5 mg/L. The GC method is characterized by quite low LOQ (5 mg/L) and seems to be the best methodology to determine low VFA concentrations in environmental waters. The precision of the method ranged from 5.7 to 14.8% and accuracy was above 92%. Additionally, this method allows for determination of individual VFAs.
The diagnostic assessment of water sanitary state is based mainly on the cultivation of bacteria retained on membrane filters. However classical microbiology methods have a lot of disadvantages. More and more frequently, rapid detection and identification of pathogens present in water is based on molecular biology techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and usefulness of a real-time PCR method, when compared to the recommended bacteria culture method, in diagnostics of pathogens in water samples. The research concerned the detection and identification of main sanitary indicators of water such as: Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens. The analyses were conducted in water samples contaminated with the reference material (the aforementioned bacteria) and real environmental samples, which were examined for the presence of nucleic acid of: Salmonella spp., E. coli, S. aureus and C. perfringens using a real-time PCR method.
The quality of the surface water (rivers) around Warri metropolis was evaluated using Water Quality Index (WQI) techniques. The study was carried out to assess the suitability of the water samples collected from different river bodies’ around Warri metropolis. The water quality index (WQI) was determined based on their various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolves solids, total suspended solids, sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demanded. The water quality indexes values obtained varied greatly from 110.12 to 821.5. The result is quite high due to high turbidity (9mg/l – 119mg/l) and total suspended solid (10mg/l – 124mg/l). The presence of faecal coliform in the various water bodies is very alarming which ranges from 2 – 16 cfu against the stated standard of nil by most regulatory agencies and as such may pose detrimental health effect when consumed by individuals within those areas if not properly treated. This may be due to poor waste management practice along the river's course. To avert this process, effective waste management and control along the water course should be encouraged.
The paper presents an assessment of the state of water pollution of the Dzierzgoń Lake based on bacteriological indicators. Water samples were taken at two measurement points in four study periods in July and August 2011 and 2012. A total number of psychrophilic bacteria and MPN of faecal coliforms were determined. In addition, selected chemical parameters of water quality were analyzed, including total organic carbon and total nitrogen. The results were compared with those obtained by the Provincial Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in 1998 and 2004, and by Rychlik in 2009. It can be concluded that the sanitary condition of the Dzierzgoń Lake is satisfactory.
An evaluation of wastewater hazards to aquatic environments with biotests can support traditional monitoring. The conventional classification of surface water is based primarily on chemical and physical analyses. The toxicity of samples from 4 Polish rivers - Pilica, Bzura, Ner and Utrata, which are polluted to different degrees, has been assessed with a battery of biotests composed of representatives of producers (micro - algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, duckweed - Lemna minor), consumers (rotifer - Brachionus calyciflorus, crustaceans - Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus) and decomposers (bacteria - Vibrio fisheri, protozoans - Spirostomum ambiguum, Tetrahymena thermophila). The physicochemical characteristics of water also have been performed. No permanent and highly toxic effects were observed. The most toxic effects in spring did not find a confirmation in studies in autumn and vice versa. Most test organisms gave responses. However, it is too early to evaluate the sensitivity of biotests and their usefulness in a monitoring system for rivers. A minimum of one more year of study is needed.
This paper shows speciation analysis of arsenic, antimony and selenium using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Determining different forms of given elements (forms on different oxidation stages: As(III)/As(V), Sb(III)/Sb(V), Se(IV)/Se(VI) and forms bound with organic matter) is based on different kinetics of hydride generation for forms on different oxidation degrees. This paper shows steps for speciation analysis as described in literature, the main procedures and reagent used in different studies.
An analysis of concentrations of phenols in runoff in the area of Gdańsk was performed during one month of heavy rain. Five sampling places localised along streets of heavy traffic were selected. Phenol and 3,4-dimethylophenol were most often found in samples, while concentrations of phenol (120.3 – 911.6 ng/l), chlorophenol (613 ng/l) and p-nitrophenol (469.4 ng/l) were the highest.
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