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Hydrogel polymers can absorb surface active agents from the water environment, which can be practically applied for their removal from waters polluted with detergents. The carried out investigation studies involved the interaction of maleic anhydride copolymers with vinyl ethers when subjected to crosslinking with various crosslinking agents, as well as generated in Poland cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants. A very high absorption of cationic surfactant by the hydrogels has been found, which can be applied in the vicinity of plants using such surfactants, e.g. dairies. Poly(vinyl) alcohol crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, was used as hydrogel too, and it doesn't absorb cationic surfactants.
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This paper presents the results of a research on the influence of potato pulp content in a mixture with oat bran on the power demand of the pelletization process and on the quality of the produced pellets, in the context of use thereof as a heating fuel. The tests of the densification of the pulp and bran mixture were carried out on a work stand whose main element was a P-300 pellet mill with the ‘flat matrix-densification rolls’ system. 24 h after the pellets left the working system, their kinetic durability was established with the use of a Holmen tester. The research results obtained in this way allowed concluding that increasing the potato pulp content in a mixture with oat bran from 15 to 20% caused a reduction of the power demand of the pellet mill. It was also established that as the pulp content in a mixture with oat bran increases from 15 to 25%, the value of the kinetic durability of the pellets determined using Holmen and Pfost methods decreases.
This paper presents results of research on the use of plasma technology for printed circuit boards (PCB) processing for metals and energy recovery. In the Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, a test stand was built allowing experiments on plasma process with throughput of 800 kg per day. Brief examination of PCB waste was carried out, focusing on identification of its heating value and composition of organic substances including C, H, O, S, and Br. Heat balance of the process is presented, including energy supplied by plasma, chemical energy released by incineration of PCB waste, heat carried out with molten metal and slag, heat carried out with exhaust fumes, and heat losses of the apparatus. Also, the incineration process is described focusing on air demand and its efficiency due to incomplete burning of the organic substances in the reactor. The presented process in total consumes 66 kW of electrical energy, and allows recovery of 117 kW of heat energy from exhaust fumes.
The research deals in complex with the issue of landfilling and with a possible use of biological indicators to assess the impact of landfill on its surroundings. The problem is topical as landfilling remains the most spread technology for the disposal of communal waste in the Czech Republic. Assessing the impact of the landfill on its environs, we based our study on the selected bioindicators present in 1995 and in 2007 – 2010. During the period of vegetation biomonitoring, we did not detect any significant impact of the landfills on the biotic composition of the environment and no symptoms of leaf area chlorosis or necrosis that would have indicated the direct impact of sanitary landfills operation on the locality. The Štěpánovice landfill and Kuchyňky landfill have a functional system of drains combined with the system of ground sealing and the system of seepage water drainage pits. It further has a sophisticated system to check fencing, fly-offs and to collect lightweight waste. Both landfills are constructed and operated in compliance with the most modern and strictest requirements and standards.
The issue of investment decision making has been described extensively in the literature. The article uses classical evaluation methods to assess two investment options for the treatment of brewers' grains as waste (resp. byproducts). As indicated by the results of the analysis, the considered production of brewers' grains for energy is more economically preferable than selling it.
In the years 1996-1998 in the sewage treatment plant in Hajdów an experiment was set up in order to determine the optimal number of plants and the method of proliferation of Sida hermaphrodita R. on sewage sludge. The cultivation of Sida was carried out on especially prepared plots with an added 50 cm thick layer of sewage sludge. Two methods of plantation establishing (propagation) were used - generative and vegetative. Three plant densities were used per 1 ha: 3 kg of seeds or 33,000 seedlings; 6 kg of seeds or 50,000 seedlings; and 9 kg of seeds or 100,000 seedlings. A higher yield of stems and greater amounts of Fe extracted from the sludge were obtained from vegetative plant propagation. In the conditions of greater number of plants, considering stem yield, Sida took from the sludge more Co, Fe, and Ni. The three-year cultivation of Sida hermaphrodita caused positive changes in the structure of the sewage sludge.
Both sewage sludge and fly ash are wastes. Their granulation can decrease their adverse effect. Due to the contents of biogens in the sewage sludge the granulates will have fertilizing and soil-forming properties. The aim of this study was to find such proportion of components used for production of ash-sludge granu­lates that would decrease the volume of extracted contaminants to meet the requirements of regulation [36] preserving their fertilizing properties. In our study two types of fly ash were mixed in various proportions with municipal stabilized sewage sludge. The obtained granulates were subjected to one- and three-stage elution tests. In the eluates the concentration of nitrogen compounds, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and heavy metals was determined. The mixture with the same share of sewage sludge and fly ash proved to be of high fertilizing value at the same time.
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