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Eighteen Wistar rats were exposed for 24 d to an electromagnetic field and water. The tongue, mucous membrane of the cheek wall, and the parotid gland were examined histopathologically. The examination showed slight differences in the histological structure of the tongue muscles and mucous membrane of the cheek wall between the experimental and control groups. In the tissues of the tongue from experimental animals, extensive extravasations in the tunica muscularis were observed. In sections of the parotid gland of these animals, slight lymphoid cell infiltrations, and masses of various consistency and colour, from yellow to brown, were noted in the lumen of the parotid ducts.
The regeneration of skeletal muscles is a suitable model to study the development and differentiation of contractile tissues. Neural effects are one of the key factors in the regulation of this process. In the present work, effects of different reinnervation protocols (suture or grafting) were studied upon the regenerative capacity of rat soleus muscles treated with the venom of the Australian tiger snake, notexin, which is known to induce complete necrosis and subsequent regeneration of muscles. Mor­phological and motor endplate analysis indicated that the regenerative capacity of denervated, and thereafter surgically reinnervated muscles remains impaired com­pared to that of normally innervated muscles, showing differences in the muscle size, fiber type pattern and motor endplate structure, even 35 days after the notexin injec­tion. A lack or deficiency of secreted neural factors, deterioration of satellite cells and/or incomplete recovery of the sutured or grafted nerves may be the cause of these discrepancies in the regeneration process.
The study aimed at assessing the sodium and potassium content in chosen tissues and organs of free-ranging European bisons in Białowieża Primeval Forest depending on the gender and age of animals. In order to determine the content of elements in parenchymal tissues, ribs and hair, the ICP-OES method was used. In the hooves, sodium and potassium were determined with the help of ICP-MS. The sodium content in organs and skin appendages varied from 0.30 in hair to 4.77 mg g-1 in ribs. In the analysis of the age effect, some significant differences were observed between the investigated groups in the sodium content of the hoof wall, namely, a higher mean value was noted in young individuals. The potassium content in the examined samples was within the range of 0.96 in the hoof wall to 3.63 mg g-1 in kidneys. Significant age dependent differences were noted only in the ribs. Sodium and potassium concentrations in the hoof wall were correlated in a highly significant way. Similar dependences also appeared between the content of sodium and potassium in kidneys and liver and kidneys and muscles. On the basis of the results it can be concluded that the status of sodium and potassium supply in the European bison from Białowieża Forest is adequate.
The use of animals as a source of organs and tissues for xenotransplantation may overcome the growing shortage of human organ donors. However, the presence of xenoreactive antibodies in humans, directed against the swine Gal antigen present on the surface of xenograft donor cells, leads to the complement activation and an immediate xenograft rejection as a consequence of hyperacute reaction. In order to prevent a hyperacute rejection, it is possible to alter the swine genome with human genes modifying the set of the donor’s cell surface proteins. The aim of this study was to prepare a pCMVFut genetic construct and then introduce it into the swine genome in order to obtain transgenic pigs expressing human α1,2-fucosyltransferase and thereby avoid a humoral xenograft rejection. The pCMVFut gene construct containing the human gene encoding α1,2-fucosyltransferase enzyme under the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter was introduced by microinjection into a male pronucleus of a fertilized porcine oocyte. The screening procedure involved isolating genomic DNA from microsections of pigs’ ears, the amplification of two PCR fragments and the entire sequencing of positive samples. The mapping of the transgene was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and transgene expression, while its impact on the reduction of the Gal epitope level on the surface of pig cells was assessed by flow cytometry of primary cultured skin fibroblasts. The influence of the human complement was measured by testing the sensitivity of nontransgenic and transgenic cells to complement-mediated cytotoxicity upon exposure to human serum. As a result of this experiment, the founder male pig was obtained with the transgene mapping to chromosome 14q28. An RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of the HT gene in different tissues of transgenic pigs. A flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the level of epitop Gal on the cell surface of skin fibroblasts isolated from transgenic pigs. The complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay showed increased viability of transgenic cells in comparison with nontransgenic ones, which confirmed the protective influence of HT expression. In this study we demonstrated that the constitutive transgenic expression of human H-transferase (α1,2-fucosyltransferase) can decrease the amount of Galα1,3Gal (Gal epitope) on the surface of pig cells, which is consistent with the results of other researchers. The expression of α1,2-fucosyltransferase modified the cell surface carbohydrate phenotype of transgenic pig cells, resulting in the expression of the universally tolerated 0 blood group antigen (H antigen) and a subsequent reduction in the expression of Gal epitope, as evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Apart from the principal data, the flow cytometry analysis revealed no significant differences between the Gal epitope level achieved by CMVFUT heterozygous boar founder TG 1154 and transgene homozygous pig 433 from the F2 generation. The flow cytometry results were confirmed by the cytotoxicity assay. We found no statistical difference in the survival rate between transgenic homozygous and heterozygous cells under the influence of 50% human serum with an active complement system. Both homozygous and heterozygous cells had the same level of lysis protection.
A simple and rapid method is described which allows analysis of Carazolol (ß-blocker agent) in tissue of pig by thin layer and liquid chromatography. The method utilizes an octadecyl solid phase column that selectively absorbs this drug and significantly improves sample clean-up procedure. The compound is eluted from the column with acidic acetonitrile. Analysis is performed using TLC for detection and qualitative determination and isocratic reversed-phase LC for confirmation and quantitation. The detection limit was 10 ng g-1 (TLC) and 2 ng g-1 (LC). The recoveries of Carazolol from spiked samples were above 80%. The procedure is suitable for routine residue analysis.
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