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Hymenolepis diminuta tapeworms of the WMS "strain", obtained at 1 month and at 2.5 months after the administration to rats of cysticercoids, showed a right-hand side position of the genital pores (PGP). In the 5th month of infection strobilas of variable PGP were also found to appear. These two types of strobilas (of right-hand side and variable PGP) appeared till the end of the observation period in the 23rd month after the infection of rats. It was established that the variability of PGP depends on the duration of the infection and not on the age of the final host. Apart from typical proglottids containing 1 testis on the poral side and 2 testes on the aporal side (lp2a) there were also proglottids of the following numbers and placement of testes (NDT): 0p0a, 0pla, 0p2a, 0p3a, 0p4a, 0p5a, 1p0a, 1p1a, 1p3a, 1p4a, 1p5a, 2p0a, 2p1a, 2p2a, 2p3a, 2p4a, 3p0a and 3p1a. Correlation was established between the frequency of occurrence of PGP changes and the number of proglottids with the following NDT: 1p2a, 2p1a, 3p0a, 3p1a and all deviations from 1p2a.
Referring to a recently published new taxonomy of the tapeworms, changes in generic combinations, for 19 cestode species recorded in Poland, are proposed.
9-months tapeworms obtained from 3- 6-specimen populations of the 42nd generation of Hymenolepis diminuta WMS „strain" were compared with tapeworms obtained from quantitatively similar populations deriving from one-specimen infections of H. diminuta WMS il1. In both groups of tapeworms the majority of strobilas had unilateral position of genital pares (PGP), while the remaining ones were characterized by variable PGP. The latter appeared in 41.4% of H. diminuta WMS „strain" tapeworms and in only 24.6% of tapeworms coming from H. diminuta WMS il1. In tapeworms with unilateral as well as with variable PGP deriving from H. diminuta WMS il1, the average number of type 0p3a proglottids (all three testes on the aporal side) was significantly higher than in H. diminuta WMS „strain". It results most probably from suitable selection of mother specimens for successive generations of H. diminuta WMS il1. In both compared groups the growth of the number of PGP changes was correlated positively with the number of type 2p1a proglottids and negatively with the numer of type 1p2a and 0p3a proglottids.
Two tapeworm specimens collected in northeast China in 2009 and 2011 were identified as Diphyllobothrium latum based on morphological criteria. Molecular methods were used to confirm their identity and analyze genetic variations compared with published data for this species. Species identity was confirmed by molecular characterization of the 18S rDNA partial sequence, complete sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) and 5.8S rDNA, and partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5). PCR amplification and sequence analysis of 18S rDNA (1472 bp), ITS regions (1218 bp), cox1 (885 bp), and nad5 (1028 bp) revealed that these four sequences showed more than 99% identity to reference sequences for D. latum, confirming that this species is D. latum. To date, a total of 12 diphyllobothriosis cases have been documented in China. This study represents the first molecular characterization of D. latum in China, providing molecular evidence of human diphyllobothriosis in China.
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Cystic echinococcosis in a child infected with HIV

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Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Echinococcus infection is possible at any age, including childhood. Most of the cases are recognized accidentally. HIV infection in children is rarely diagnosed in Poland. A currently 16-year-old girl was diagnosed with HIV vertical infection at the age of 13. Antiretroviral therapy was started after 6 months of observation. Routine ultrasound examination of her abdomen revealed a cystic lesion in the liver. The IgG ELISA test for E. granulosus infection was negative. However, she was treated with albendazole due to clinical suspicion of echinococcosis. After anti-parasitic treatment, an abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed and revealed progression of the lesion (one year of observation). As an additional imaging study, biliary tract scintigraphy was done. Localization of the cyst allowed its surgical removal. The surgery was performed under pharmacological protection with albendazole. Histopathology examination confirmed the diagnosis of echinococcosis.Currently, the clinical condition of the patient is good, antiretroviral treatment is effective and repeated abdominal ultrasound is unremarkable. E. granulosus infection in children is rare and may be accompanied by other diseases and infections. Diagnosis is difficult and it is often based on the clinical picture without serological confirmation. Surgical treatment should be supplemented with pharmacological treatment.
Cloacotaenia megalops (Nitzsch in Creplin, 1892) is a polyxenic and cosmopolitan tapeworm from the family Hymenolepididae. Its generic name derives from their typical location (cloaca), and the typical final hosts which are birds typically associated with water and marsh environments: Anseriformes, Galliformes and Gruiformes. In Poland, the presence of C. megalops has been observed so far in 16 species of ducks from the Baltic coast, the Mazurian Lake District, Wielkopolsko-Kujawska Lowland, Mazovian Lowland, and Podlasie Lowland. In Western Pomerania, quantitative structure analyses were only carried out on Anas platyrhynchos, and therefore the aim of this study was the detailed analysis of environmental populations of C. megalops in wild ducks. The examined tapeworms were isolated from the digestive tract of 1005 wild ducks representing 17 species belonging to three different eco-tribes: Anatini (n=225), Aythyini (n=413) and Mergini (n=367), from northwestern Poland. During the study 187 C. megalops were found in 89 birds (8.8% of examined ducks) belonging to 7 species: Anas crecca (common teal), A. querquedula (garganey), A. platyrhynchos (mallard) (Anatini); Aythya ferina (pochard), A. fuligula (tufted duck), A. marila (greater scaup) (Aythyini) and Bucephala clangula (goldeneye) (Mergini). The results show the differences in the quantitative structure of C. megalops among the examined species of ducks. The highest prevalence was found in mallard (18.6%) and the lowest in greater scaup (3.2%). The highest mean intensity was observed in greater scaup (4.0), and the lowest in garganey and common teal (1.0). Relative density was at a similar level in the tested birds. Based on the ratio of dominance, it was found that C. megalops is a rare species in the cestodofauna in the examined birds.
Spermiogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure of the tapeworm Parabothriocephalus gracilis were described using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spermiogenesis is characterized by the formation of a zone of differentiation with two centrioles associated with striated rootlets, and an intercentriolar body between them. The two flagella undergo a rotation of 90° until they become parallel to the median cytoplasmic extension with which they fuse. Electron-dense material is present in the apical region of the zone of differentiation in the early stages of spermiogenesis. This electron-dense material is characteristic for the orders Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea. The mature spermatozoon contains two axonemes of the 9 + ‘1’ trepaxonematan pattern, nucleus, parallel cortical microtubules and electron-dense granules of glycogen. The anterior extremity of the spermatozoon exhibits a single helical electron-dense crested body 130 nm thick. One of the most interesting features is the presence of a ring of cortical microtubules surrounding the axoneme. This character has been reported only for species of the order Bothriocephalidea and may be unique in this cestode group.
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