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The influence of fleas on weight and body size in nestlings of Starlings was studied. Insecticide applied to nest material influenced flea larvae but not imagines. The presence of larvae and imagines in nests were considered indicators of nestlings and adult birds, respectively, being parasited. In general the presence of flea larvae or imagines in nests did not affect nestling weight or body size. However, when broods of different sizes were analyzed, there was a strong negative influence on the weight and body size of nestlings in bigger broods (4 nestlings). The presence of imagines had a much stronger influence on nestling condition than the presence of larvae. It was therefore suggested, that flea parasitism of adult Starlings affect nestling condition more than direct parasitism on nestlings.
Experimental Starlings Sturnus vulgaris after capture in an unpolluted region of north-eastern Poland were transported south - to the neighbourhood of the largest Polish zinc plant. There they were exposed in cages for 8 days. The contaminated group - (C) of the birds was fed with local Orthoptera insects, and the uncontaminated group - (UC) obtained food without metals. Every second day representatives of each group were killed. Levels of lead and cadmium were analyzed with the AAS method in livers, kidneys, brains, femurs, breast muscles, stomach contents, faeces, carcasses and various types of feathers. Found among the Starlings from group "C" was a rapid increase of Pb concentration in liver, brain and kidney as well as of Cd in kidney and liver. A great number of contaminants was also absorbed on the surface of the plumage Accumulated amounts of metals may be significant not only to individual birds but also to consumers at higher levels.
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