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The aim of the present study was to determine va-rious physical, mechanical, and structural characteristics of seed of pepper cultivars Yağlık Kapya, Demre Sivri, Yalova Carliston, Kandil Dolma, and Cin Sus Yediveren, which are grown extensi-vely in Turkey, with initial moisture content ranging between 7.03 and 7.21% (w.b.). Width, length, and thickness were found to be in the range of 3.00-3.72, 3.43-4.40, and 0.66-0.82 mm, respectively. It was revealed that sphericity of the seeds of Yağlık Kapya, Demre Sivri, Yalova Carliston, Kandil Dolma, and Cin Sus Yediveren were 51, 57, 56, 51 and 57%, respectively. In terms of the roundness which ranges between 76 and 85% depending on pepper cultivars. The aspect ratio of Yağlık Kapya, Demre Sivri, Yalova Carliston, Kandil Dolma, and Cin Sus Yediveren were determined to be 84.60, 88.04, 94.43, 85.55, and 87.67%, respectively.It was also noted that the porosity of the pepper seeds was in the range of 44.94-49.61%. Besides, we found that as the weight of pep-per seeds increased, their terminal velocity increased accordingly, and thus terminal velocities were found to be 2.87-4.66 m s-1. In the current study, the static friction angle and coefficients of the cultivars were determined by means of six different plates including aluminium, stainless steel, galvanized iron, rubber, glass, and plywood. The plywood plate was found to be the least slippery; consequently, the static friction angle and coefficient were determined to be the highest for the plywood plate.
In the present work, structural changes of starch granules as seen by LM, SEM, TEM, CLSEM under different processing were shown, in relation to a function they were playing in the ready products. Special emphasis was also paid to starch change during different modification processes of the isolated starches for food and non-food uses. The structure of irradiated starches, resistant starch obtained by different methods, starches as encapsulating materials, high pressure treated starches as well as packaging materials were presented.
Effects of environmental factors on composition, structure, and physicochemical properties of native starches from different plants have been extensively studied. Among parameters to which attention was paid were environmental factors there is a growth (soil) temperature during plants development (growth temperature) that plays one of the most important role. The application of different physical approaches for a description of the thermodynamic melting parameters of starches allows to determine the cooperative melting unit, the thickness of crystalline lamellae and to evaluate the role of defects in the structural organization of native granules at changes of growth temperature. As example it is considered the influence of growth temperature of plants on the properties of normal potato and sweet potato starches as well as waxy, normal and high-amylose barley starches, i.e. starches with different polymorphous structures of B-, C- and A- types, correspondingly. The nature of calorimetric peaks doubled for some lormal and high-amylose barley starches at a decrease in growth temperature is discussed.
Sedolisins (serine-carboxyl peptidases) are proteolytic enzymes whose fold resem­bles that of subtilisin; however, they are considerably larger, with the mature catalytic domains containing approximately 375 amino acids. The defining features of these enzymes are a unique catalytic triad, Ser-Glu-Asp, as well as the presence of an aspar- tic acid residue in the oxyanion hole. High-resolution crystal structures have now been solved for sedolisin from Pseudomonas sp. 101, as well as for kumamolisin from a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus novo sp. MN-32. The availability of these crystal structures enabled us to model the structure of mammalian CLN2, an enzyme which, when mutated in humans, leads to a fatal neurodegenerative disease. This review compares the structural and enzymatic properties of this newly defined MEROPS family of peptidases, S53, and introduces their new nomenclature.
This article is the first of two papers on the remote sensing methods of monitoring the Baltic ecosystem, developed by a Polish team. The main aim of the five- year SatBałtyk (2010–2014) research project (Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment) is to prepare the technical infrastructure and set in motion operational procedures for the satellite monitoring of the Baltic environment. This system is to characterize on a routine basis the structural and functional properties of this sea on the basis of data supplied by the relevant satellites. The characterization and large-scale dissemination of the following properties of the Baltic is anticipated: the solar radiation influx to the sea’s waters in various spectral intervals, energy balances of the short- and long-wave radiation at the Baltic Sea surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere over the Baltic, sea surface temperature distribution, dynamic states of the water surface, concentrations of chlorophyll a and other phytoplankton pigments in the Baltic water, distributions of algal blooms, the occurrence of upwelling events, and the characteristics of primary organic matter production and photosynthetically released oxygen in the water. It is also intended to develop and, where feasible, to implement satellite techniques for detecting slicks of petroleum derivatives and other compounds, evaluating the state of the sea’s ice cover, and forecasting the hazards from current and future storms and providing evidence of their effects in the Baltic coastal zone. The ultimate objective of the project is to implement an operational system for the routine determination and dissemination on the Internet of the above-mentioned features of the Baltic in the form of distribution maps as well as plots, tables and descriptions characterizing the state of the various elements of the Baltic environment. The main sources of input data for this system will be the results of systematic recording by environmental satellites and also special-purpose ones such as TIROS N/NOAA, MSG (currently Meteosat 9), EOS/AQUA and ENVISAT. The final effects of the SatBałtyk project are to be achieved by the end of 2014, i.e. during a period of 60 months. These two papers present the results obtained during the first 15 months of the project. Part 1 of this series of articles contains the assumptions, objectives and a description of the most important stages in the history of our research, which constitute the foundation of the current project. It also discusses the way in which SatBałtyk functions and the scheme of its overall operations system. The second article (Part 2), will discuss some aspects of its practical applicability in the satellite monitoring of the Baltic ecosystem (see Woźniak et al. (2011) in this issue).
The results of 8-year field experiment helped to analyse the impact of weather conditions on biometric and structural characteristics and on ‘Juno’ yellow lupin yielding. Over 1989-1996-vegetation period there was recorded a large weather conditions variation; the coefficient of temperature variation amounted to 16% and of rainfall –about 49%. The relationship between temperature and rainfall and biometric and structural characteristics as well as seed yielding was defined with statistical regression method. It was observed that temperature had a greater effect in initial and final growth and development phases, while rainfall – over vegetation.
The structural properties of photorespiratory serine : glyoxylate aminotransferases (SGAT, EC 2.6.1.45) from maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves were examined. By means of molecular sieving on Zorbax SE-250 column and filtration through centrifugal filters it was shown that dimers of wheat enzyme (molecular mass of about 90 kDa) dissociate into component monomers (molecular mass of about 45 kDa) upon decrease in pH value (from 9.1 or 7.0 to 6.5). At pH 9.1 a 50-fold decrease of ionic strength elicited a similar effect. Under the same conditions homodimers of the maize enzyme (molecular mass similar to that of the wheat enzyme) remained stable. Immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antiserum against wheat seedling SGAT on leaf homogenates or highly purified preparations of both enzymes showed that the immunogenic portions of the wheat enzyme are divergent from those of the maize enzyme. The sequence of 136 amino acids of the maize enzyme and 78 amino acids of the wheat enzyme was established by tandem mass spectrometry with time of flight analyzer. The two enzymes likely share similarity in tertiary and quaternary structures as well as high level of hydrophobicity on their molecular surfaces. They likely differ in the mechanism of transport from the site of biosynthesis to peroxisomes as well as in some aspects of secondary structure.
Nucleoside transporters (NT) facilitate the movement of nucleosides and nucleobases across cell membranes. NT-mediated transport is vital for the synthesis of nucleic acids in cells that lack de novo purine synthesis. Some nucleosides display biological activity and act as signalling molecules. For example, adenosine exerts a potent action on many physiological processes including vasodilatation, hormone and neurotransmitter release, platelet aggregation, and lipolysis. Therefore, carrier-mediated transport of this nucleoside plays an important role in modulating cell function, because the efficiency of the transport processes determines adenosine availability to its receptors or to metabolizing enzymes. Nucleoside transporters are also key elements in anticancer and antiviral therapy with the use of nucleoside analogues. Mammalian cells possess two major nucleoside transporter families: equilibrative (ENT) and concentrative (CNT) Na+-dependent ones. This review characterizes gene loci, substrate specificity, tissue distribution, membrane topology and structure of ENT and CNT proteins. Regulation of nucleoside transporters by various factors is also presented.
The phenomena of colloid coagulation and peptization have a significant role in the circulation of elements in the surface layer of lithosphere, and in particular in the soil environment. Thanks to their structural properties, the mineral, mineral-organic and organic colloids that occur in colloidal systems largely influence the entire processes leading to erosion. The majority of issues related to the intensification of migration soil colloids and ions in the lithosphere are related to their electrokinetic properties. An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dispersion state of soil colloidal systems exposed to water erosion by measuring the difference of electrical potentials generated in the gravimetric sedimentation process of colloidal particles. Preliminary results make it plausible to claim that, depending on the quantity and quality of ions in soil solutions and on the qualitative and quantitative composition of colloids, the potential difference determined using measurement electrodes is proportional to the electrokinetic potential of the particles. Such measurements can be carried out in the field. The suggested method is based on recording the difference in potentials with a conjugated measurement electrode, which enables determination of the state of soil colloidal dispersion in the biochemical processes, which occur in the surface layers of the lithosphere.
Zbadano zmiany właściwości strukturalnych suszu selera korzeniowego, blanszowanego w zmiennych warunkach, a także analiza wpływu zabiegów wstępnych na rozkład pierwiastków w suszonym selerze. Seler odmiany Diament krojony w plastry blanszowano w wodzie destylowanej i 3%-owym roztworze mleczanu wapnia przez 45 minut w temperaturze 60°C i przez 3 minuty w 95°C, a następnie suszono sublimacyjnie przez 24 godziny. Właściwości strukturalne określono za pomocą zdjęć suszonej tkanki wykonanych przy użyciu mikroskopu skaningowego. Dokonano także pomiaru rozkładu pierwiastków w materiale za pomocą skonfigurowanego z mikroskopem spektrometru. Analiza zdjęć mikroskopowych świadczy o wyraźnym zniszczeniu struktury wewnętrznej suszy selera korzeniowego, bez względu na zastosowane warunki obróbki wstępnej. Blanszowanie niskotemperaturowe, w porównaniu z wysokotemperaturowym, wpływało w mniejszym stopniu destrukcyjnie na strukturę tkankową materiału. W próbkach blanszowanych w roztworze mleczanu wapnia zaobserwowano wyraźne zagęszczenie struktury wewnętrznej. Analiza widm spektrometrycznych dowiodła, iż niskotemperaturowe blanszowanie powodowało wzrost udziału procentowego większości wykrytych pierwiastków w tkance. Zastosowanie jonów wapnia podczas blanszowania powodowało znaczny wzrost udziału procentowego tego pierwiastka, bez względu na zastosowany wariant procesu. Zastosowanie roztworu mleczanu wapnia podczas blanszowania niskotemperaturowego spowodowało podwyższenie udziału procentowego większości wykrytych makroelementów. Wyższa temperatura obróbki wstępnej ułatwiła wnikanie jonów wapnia podczas blanszowania, co mogło być spowodowane znacznym zniszczeniem struktury wewnętrznej materiału.
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