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The data presented in the paper indicate a probable lack of host specificity in Giardia and a number of species lower than that described to date. The common opinion is that three morphological groups should be recognized, represented by G. intestinalis (= G. duodenalis), G. muris and G. agilis. The diagnostics within these groups should be based on analysis of their isoenzymes or DNA fragments, and on antigene differences.
The aim of the study was to use real time RT-PCR for the detection of genetic material of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and type 3 in serum and milk samples. Material tested included the fetal calf serum used for cell culture, serum samples from healthy calves and from calves experimentally inoculated with BVDV type 1 and type 3, and milk samples (pasteurized and treated with ultra high temperature). Sensitivity of the test was 200 copies of RNA per reaction (10⁵ viral RNA copies per ml) for both types of BVDV, using dedicated primers and standards. Detection limit was 10² tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID₅₀) and 1 TCID₅₀ for type 1 and type 3, respectively. Diagnostic specificity of the method was 100%. Out of 10 samples of milk, 3 were positive for BVDV type 1, while none was positive for type 3. On the other hand, BVDV type 3 was found in 6 out of 10 samples of fetal calf serum. Real Time RT-PCR for BVDV type 1 and type 3 proved to be a highly sensitive and highly specific technique, enabling the detection of viral genetic material in various samples, even when its detection by virus isolation or antigen ELISA tests is impossible because of virus inactivation by such processes as high temperature, gamma irradiation, or the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies.
The aim of this study was to examine the essential validation parameters of a solid-phase competition ELISA (SPCE) assay for the serological detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibody serotypes A, O and Asia 1. The sensitivity of the SPCE was calculated from the results of testing positive sera from convalescent and vaccinated cattle. The highest sensitivity of assay (>99% for all FMDV types) was found at PI 41-50 but implementation of a cut-off level above PI 50 resulted in a decrease of ELISA sensitivity. The specificity of SPCE was examined by testing 760 samples of FMDV-negative field sera collected from healthy, neither infected nor previously vaccinated cattle. In contrast to the sensitivity, an increase in ELISA specificity was observed in tested successive PI ranges and 100% was achieved at PI 61-70. The accuracy of assay was determined by the estimation of repeatability and reproducibility of results. These were performed using a panel of reference sera distributed by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRL FMD) for the purpose of Phase XVIII collaborative studies. Repeatability and reproducibility were expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) by analyzing the results of tested reference sera. In case of reproducibility, the CVs for 9 of 10 tested sera ranged from 6.6 to 9.8%. The results of reproducibility were more variable - CVs for all reference sera were generally higher and for two samples (weak positive for FMDV serotype A) they exceeded the acceptable maximum limit.
Range and ecology of Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) in Mazuria focus. IV. Host specificity. During two consecutive open seasons, i.e. in the fall of 1998 and the fall of 1999, a host specificity study was conducted in the vicinity of Mikołajki. Host specificity was assessed by calculating the prevalence and mean intensity indices of infection. The total of 87 game beasts were examined, including 53 deers, 18 wild boars, 15 roe deer and 1 elk. In deer the prevalence of infection was 67.9%, with mean intensity at the level of 10.2. In wild boars the indices were 22.2% and 12.8, respectively. Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were not found in any of the examined 14 roe deer. Three adult ticks were found on the elk. Very frequent occurrence of Dermacentor reticulatus on plants in red and fallow deer pens in fenced Cervides Farm indicates that these animals are good hosts for adult forms of this tick. On pens of red deer the number of ticks caught on plants was considerable greater than on pens of fallow deer.
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