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During the early epoch of biological evolution, aluminium was not available for the primitive organisms because of the low solubility of aluminium compounds. This can explain why aluminium is toxic for the present-day living organisms. We studied the toxic effect of aluminium by feeding Drosophila melanogaster adults for 24 hrs. with a 1% sugar solution containing different concentrations of aluminium sulphate. The effect of magnesium chloride was also tested in combination with aluminium. After 24 hrs. we calculated the survival rate, and solubilised the flies in concentrated nitric acid in a microwave oven. The Al, Na, Mg and Zn content of the solubilised flies was measured with the ICP-AES method. We found no change in the Zn content while the Al and Mg content changed according to the treatment, and the Na content decreased significantly (20-30%) in all the cases. We suppose that the flies were mainly killed by the elevated sodium efflux resulting in a decreased intracellular pH. The cause of the elevated Na efflux could be the increased rigidity of the cell membrane caused by the aluminium. We discuss the experimental results and the supposable mechanism of toxicity.
Sodium and potassium are alkaline metals commonly occurring in natural environment. In clean groundwater their content usually does not exceed the value of 100 mg⋅dm-3 (Na) and 90 mg⋅dm-3 (K). Leakage waters of unsealed or improperly sealed refuse dumps constitute a potential grave source of water environment contamination. In the initial years of refuse dumping the leakage may contain up to 2,500 mg⋅dm-3 of sodium and up to 3,100 mg⋅dm-3 of potassium. The leakage from “old” dumps contains up to 3,700 mg⋅dm-3 sodium and up to 1,580 mg⋅dm-3 potassium. The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the character and the dynamics of the changes in sodium and potassium concentrations in the leakage waters of the Maoelice Refuse Dump in Wrocław and in the groundwater in the adjacent areas. Since sand-gravel deposits lie in the base of the dump and the groundwater level is fairly high, contact occurs between the groundwater and the dumped waste as well as contamination transfer. Only part of the dump has a sealing and a drainage carrying the leakage to a tank. In the late 1990s the exploitation of the dump was terminated and rehabilitation started with a view to limiting the access of the water to the refuse dump. The paper presented the results of the research covering the period from 1995 to 2007 on sodium and potassium contents in the groundwater coming to the dump, in the dump leakage and in the groundwater coming out of the dump. The research has shown that both the concentrations and the proportions between sodium and potassium contents in the groundwater coming to the dump stayed within the natural ranges, exceeding them only in 2000-2001. The leakage, despite closing and rehabilitating the dump, was still characterized by fairly high and balanced concentrations of the analyzed elements. Also sodium and potassium contents in the groundwater coming out of the dump were high and balanced, which proves a continuous inflow of pollution through the unsealed base of the facility.
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