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Według normy PN-EN 16309+A1:2014-12 aspekt socjalny należy oceniać w sześciu kategoriach: dostępność, adaptowalność, zdrowie i komfort, wpływ na sąsiedztwo, utrzymanie i konserwacja, ochrona i bezpieczeństwo. W artykule autorzy przedstawiają pierwszą z sześciu kategorii: dostępność, podzieloną na dwie subkategorie, z których każda została uszczegółowiona przez kryteria i podkryteria. Artykuł ten jest częścią pracy nad budową metody oceny aspektu socjalnego dla budynków mieszkalnych.
The implementation of Ecohydrology (EH) – a transdisciplinary problem-solving science - has to be based upon the development of system solutions for river basins which have to harmonise hydrological processes with ecosystems dynamics and societies’ needs. The network of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme EH Demonstration Projects was organised for scientific advancement, knowledge transfer, calibration of methods, education and capacity building. From the methodological point of view, the goal has been to accelerate transition from the stage of information collection and knowledge development into wisdom generation, which in practical dimension means a shift from understanding of relationships and patterns to understanding of processes and finally, formulation of principles for action. The selected Demonstration Projects from different continents cover the broad scope of water, ecosystem and society problems in such ecological systems as basin landscapes, wetlands/grasslands and floodplains, cities, lakes & reservoirs and estuaries & costal zones. This unique set of projects of large scale, long term testing and development by adaptive assessment and management, has become not only a fundamental lesson for costefficient implementation of the ecohydrology principles for IWRM, but also a starting point for "engineering harmony" between society and environment.
Feed-efficient ruminant production is a key topic in the further development of ruminant husbandry all over the world. Ruminants contribute substantially to human nutrition by production of milk and meat. They are also extremely useful for mankind by providing other important products and labour, such as skins, clothing, bones, dung, heating material, and working as draft animals, etc. The microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants are able to process lignocellulose from low quality roughage into volatile fatty acids and energy, to transfer non-protein nitrogen, such as urea, into microbial protein, and to synthesize B vitamins. Therefore, ruminants are able to produce food of animal origin without competition for feed with non-ruminants and man. On the other hand, gas methane (CH4 ) with a high greenhouse gas potential is an unavoidable by-product of rumen fermentation. Furthermore, growing ruminants are characterized by a low growing potential (daily yield in edible protein < 0.05% of body weight). The objectives of ruminant breeding, nutrition and keeping/management should, therefore, be to maximize/optimize the advantages of ruminants and to minimize their disadvantages. Feed-efficient ruminant production is viewed as a complex system starting with plant and animal breeding. More systemic approaches are considered necessary to understand interactions and to find acceptable solutions for complex relationships in the context of food security, resource efficiency, as well environmental, social and economic aspects.
The article presents a pionieer period of organization of the education system in West Pomerania in the years 1945–1950. The author shows the social and political aspects of this process and the financial conditions of employment in this profession. From the beginning of 1949 the authorities initiated an extensive action of ideological and political indoctrination of the teaching personnel. A further step was an ideological self-education of teachers and school administration. A great deal of emphasis was put on the preparation of the youth to compete at work and studies, though, probably using young people in production works and subbotniks within the “Serving Poland Scheme” was of paramount importance. The number of gyms, playgrounds and equipment was insufficient and low salary did not encourage the employees to take the job. Ideologization of physical culture, an inflow of candidates for teachers from the rural areas and communities of physical workers as well as financial limitations efficiently lowered the teaching quality in this period.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie uwzględniającej socjohydrologiczne aspekty analizy zagrożenia powodziowego. Przedstawiono model pozwalający na dynamiczną symulację interakcji między zagrożeniem powodziowym a zachowaniem człowieka, uwzględniający dodatkowo sprzężenia zwrotne. Model ten zawiera cztery komponenty: ekonomiczny, polityczny, technologiczny i społeczny. Wydaje się, że koncepcja socjohydrologii wychodzi naprzeciw aktualnym potrzebom związanym z racjonalnym gospodarowaniem wodą w zlewniach. Socjohydrologia może być wykorzystana do wyjaśniania występujących zależności między człowiekiem a środowiskiem przyrodniczym, głównie wodnym.
Sport participation in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) has been studied extensively, however there is little evidence available on sports for people with cervical SCI (tetraplegia). Due to physical consequences of cervical SCI people with tetraplegia have very limited possibility to engage in vigorous physical activity but increasing number of adaptive sports for people with tetraplegia allowed scientist to explore more intensively diverse aspects of sport participation in this population. The purpose of this review was to summarize the findings of recent studies related to sport in people with tetraplegia published in years: 2002-2013. A comprehensive search of computer databases was performed to identify relevant studies. These studies were grouped according to their subjects into five main areas of research involving athletes with tetraplegia: 1) muscle strength and kinematics, 2) cardiovascular performance and functions, 3) thermoregulation system, 4) respiratory functions, and 5) social aspects of sport. Most of recent research into sport in people with tetraplegia is related to physiological body response to intensive physical training. Researchers do agree that adequately provided sport training in people with tetraplegia improves several physiological parameters such as peak power output or peak oxygen uptake. As biomedical aspects of sport in people with tetraplegia are already well documented in the literature it is suggested that future research should focus more on psychosocial aspect of this activity.
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