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The composition of food consumed by larval and juvenile smelt (Osmerus eparlanus) in the Vistula Lagoon was analyzed taking into account changing environmental conditions. The fish and zooplankton were collected at two stages of research, at the end of May and at the beginning of June 2000. The meteorological conditions and physicochemical parameters of water were determined within a limited research area, where a dense network of 15 sampling sites was established. The digestive tracts of 2552 smelts with a standard body length (SL) of 10 to 34 mm were subjected to preparation. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of diet composition was performed within 5-mm fish body length classes, taking into consideration time- and space-variation, as well as changing environmental conditions, primarily wind strength and the depth of sampling sites. Particular attention was paid to the occurrence of a non-specific component in the diet of the pelagic smelt – copepods of the order Harpacticoida, found in bottom deposits. These organisms were present both in the zooplankton and in the food of smelt, and the intensity of their occurrence varied in time and space. The analysis revealed that the presence of the Harpacticoida in deep waters and in the diet of smelt was directly proportional to wind strength and inversely proportional to the depth of sampling sites.
In lakes, chaoborids can be a food resource and also act as competitors for planktivorous fish. Usually their density varies reciprocally with the density of planktivorous fish, which forage on chaoborids. Results from Lake Hiidenvesi show, however, that in deep clay-turbid lakes chaoborids may be the main regulators of herbivorous zooplankton although the density of planktivorous fish is high. This is because turbidity reduces the feeding efficiency of fish while the feeding of chaoborids is not affected by the high turbidity levels.
As an adult, Eustrongylides ignotus, recognized as a zoonotic parasite, is a parasitic nematode found in the gastrointestinal tract of fish-eating birds. As larvae, they are found in the connective tissue or body cavities of freshwater fish. In Japan, E. ignotus and E. tubifex have been found in three avian species, but their distribution in intermediate and paratenic hosts remains unclear. For this study, 16 commercial raw Japanese smelts, Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis, were used for parasitological examination. A pinkish red worm collected from the abdominal wall of one smelt (6.3%) was identified as E. ignotus based on the high sequence similarity (99.9%) of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene and the morphology of its cephalic and caudal ends. Furthermore, a Raphidascaris-like nematode was found in the intestines of five smelts examined (31.3%) and was identified as R. gigi in view of the absence of lateral cuticular alae. Eustrongylides ignotus and R. gigi have been reported in various freshwater fish, but not in smelts. Therefore, this finding of E. ignotus and R. gigi in H. transpacificus nipponensis represents a new host record.
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