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Cope's rule concerns only the radiation phase of a clade, overlooking the phase of the clade decline; thus it is incomplete. Changes of body size during the entire evolutionary history of a clade are exemplified here by three trilobite groups - Ptychopariina, Asaphina and Phacopida. Increasing diversity of the clade is associated with increase in maximum body size during the radiation phase, and decreasing diversity is generally associated with a decrease in maximum body size. Two basic patterns of the maximum body size changes are observed during the decline of the clade. The first one is characterized by a high correlation between diversity and the maximum body size, and indicative of species attrition that is nonselective with respect to the body size. The second one is characterized by a weak correlation between diversity and maximum body size, and typical of selective species attrition in relation to size.
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Kambryjskie trylobity dzisiejszego obszaru Polski

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During the Middle and Late Cambrian in the area of the present-day Holy Cross Mountains all the traces of infaunal activity were produced by animals burrowing parallel to and immediately below the sediment surface, deeper infaunal burrowers being missing. Deeper penetration was probably not possible due to anoxic conditions within the sediment. This was not the case in the Early Cambrian, where numerous deep vertical burrows with spreite structures are known in the area. Diversity of the Middle and Late Cambrian trace fossil assemblages of the Holy Cross Mts is low, with only six ichnogenera of non-arthropod traces in the Middle Cambrian and eight ichnogenera in the Late Cambrian, compared with 24 ichnogenera in the Early Cambrian. The most unusual is a large hemispherical burrow, possibly of actinian origin, for which the name Bergaueria elliptica isp. n. is proposed. Treptichnus rectangularis isp. n. represents horizontal burrows with stiff walls, being systems of short units connected with one another. Some of the units contain faecal pellets produced by the host animal.
With homology being defined as shared similarity due to common ancestry, any initial perception of similarity (or relative invariance) among organisms may be treated as a conjecture of homology to be tested by congruence. The phylogenetic information content is therefore not with the character itself, but lies in the relation of any one character to all others known. The "principle of total evidence" thus emerges as a logical corollary of the distinction of homology and homoplasy, the most severe test of homology involving all known characters in the search for the globally most congruent pattern. In a study combining fossil and extant organisms, however, the issue of missing characters raises the question of implicit a priori weighting, because some sources for characters (soft anatomy, molecular, physiological, behavioral) remain unknown in fossils. The issue of missing data in fossils requires further study before the potential impact of fossils on a classification based on extant organisms can be properly assessed.
The question of how random, or unconstrained, paleobiologic models should be is examined with a case study: Signor’s (1982, 1985) inverse calculation of levels of marine species diversity through the Phanerozoic. His calculation involved an ingenious model that estimated species numbers and species abundances in the world oceans of the past by correcting known numbers of fossil species for variations in sedimentary rocks available for sampling and in effort paleontologists might devote to sampling. The model proves robust to changes in possible shapes of species-abundance distributions, but it is sensitive to alterations in the assumption that paleontologists collect fossils at random. If it is assumed that ease of collecting varies with age of sediment (with the Cenozoic offering easy sampling) or that paleontologists tend to seek out rarer fossils, results of the inverse calculation change. In particular, the magnitude of the calculated Cenozoic diversity increase always declines from the factor of about seven as originally reported to something considerably smaller. This leaves open the problem of the magnitude of Cenozoic increase in marine species diversity, awaiting better empirical data and, perhaps, more exacting models, random or otherwise.
Reinterpretation of the North American Strobilepis spinigera Clarke 1888 from the Devonian and the find of Diadeloplax paragrapsima gen. et sp. n. from the Pennsylvanian provide the basis for the recognition of a new class of uncertain affinity, Multiplacophora. The range of the class is Middle Devonian (Erian) to Pennsylvanian (Morrowan). Multiplacophora differ from the order Hercolepadida and the classes Thambetolepida and Polyplacophora in the number, shape, and arrangement of plates; the presence of large spines; and the complexity of internal canal systems in the plates and spines.
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