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The sleepers in a railway track transfer vertical, transverse and longitudinal loads to the track ballast and subgrade. The sleepers allow for keeping the distance between the rails constant. The thickness of ballast should be between 16 and 35 cm depending on the design standard of the track, and it should be densified where the ballast supports the sleeper. The exploitation causes contamination of the ballast, crushing the material under cyclic dynamic loads, which results in the settlement of sleepers. Consequently, the thickness of ballast is not sufficient and the effects such as longitudinal unevenness of rails and track twist appear. Those effects have negative impact on the comfort and travel safety, in the extreme cases leading to the derailment. The parameters like ballast thickness, degree of its contamination, its density and sleepers’ settlement are difficult to measure so that they can be considered as ‘fuzzy’. Therefore, the fuzzy sets and transfer functions are used to determine those parameters. The cause and effect relationships and their impact on the reliability of the system will be analyzed in the fuzzy sets’ domain. Special attention will be paid to use this concept in forecasting the track tamping to enhance the interaction of the track surface with the soil ground and to increase safety.
This article presents the results of concentrations of N-NO₂, N-NO₃, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, P-PO₄, N-NH₄, Fe, chemical oxygen demand with KMnO₄, HCO₃⁻, Ptotal, acid neutralizing capacity between the pH range of 4.5 and 3.5 along with pH and electrolytic conductivity for Štiavnica Stream (in south-central Slovakia). These parameters were monitored at four monitoring places (Banska Štiavnica, Svaty Anton, Prenčov, and Hontianske Nemce) from 2006 to 2008. The rank order of soluble nitrogen forms on the basis of median values were in Banska Štiavnica N-NH₄>N-NO₂>N-NO₃, in Svaty Anton, Prenčov and Hontianske Nemce N-NO₃>N-NH₄>N-NO₂. The concentration of phosphates phosphor was high in all sampling places, with the highest in Banska Štiavnica (0.29 mg・L⁻¹). Physico-chemical parameters such as pH were in the interval from 6.52 to 7.93, electrolytic conductivity and chemical oxygen demand were highest in Banska Štiavnica (EC = 51.51 mS・m⁻¹, CODMn = 10.46 mg・L⁻¹). The aim of our article is to prove, according to our analyses, that surface water quality has gotten worse and to point out the importance of monitoring smaller streams that are permanently contamined by local settlements.
Following the statistics maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland dated 31 March 2014 currently 183 192 monuments have been listed at the territory of Poland. According to the list delivered in 2016 by the Provincial (Opole Province) Monument Conservator, 40 of them are threatened by a construction catastrophe. Some of them require an immediate construction intervention. The statistics show sobering figures but due to a various ownership status and financial situation of the owners unfortunately repairs are not carried out on a regular basis. On the basis of the geological and construction documentation it has been examined the settlement of one of the sacral monuments in Opole Province that was formed throughout centuries. The stage I has covered the analysis of the behaviour of the original foundation of a church settled on a slope. The stage II has embraced the analysis of the foundation that was strengthened and the slope that was secured by a brick retaining wall. The last III stage of calculations has been devoted to the foundations of the structure after being reinforced and the retaining wall strengthened by concrete reinforced coating and a palisade of micropiles anchored to the wall. The main focus has been put on limit equilibrium methods. On the basis of the results the slope and structure stability has been estimated. As to preserve the historic building for future generations the direction of further conservatory works has been determined.
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