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This review focuses on different attempts to understand the process during extraction • sing supercritical fluids and on different approaches to obtain quantitative and selective extractions. Supercritical fluid extraction is a fast technique and, unlike other methods of extraction, allows several sample preparation steps to be incorporated within the extraction step. The authors consider the possible methods of optimisation of the SFE variables - fluid type, modifiers of the fluid, pressure (density), temperature, flow rate, sample size, analyte collection, and fixation - to help an analyst to extract the solutes of interest in a quantitative way while avoiding or minimising co-extraction of other matrix components.
A new type of stationary phase with specific structural properties and different undersurface structure (monomeric and polymeric) for liquid chromatographic separation has been prepared. This phase was applied for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly those, recommended by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). For comparative studies the commonly-used C-18 phase, with monomeric and polymeric structure created on the same batch of silica gel support, was applied. Physico-chemical and chromatographic properties were determined using different instrumental methods (porosimetry, elemental analysis, CP/MAS NMR, liquid chromatography), particularly under hydro-organic conditions.
We describe the diet of introduced European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) in a New Zealand dryland system and provide the first quantitative analysis of food selectivity for this species. We also describe and compare the diets of nine hedgehogs and measure dietary overlap between these individuals. The most commonly eaten foods were beetles, including rare native species (in 94% of droppings), earwigs (92%), spiders (25%) and native skinks (14%). Remains of at least three skinks were found in one dropping. Earwigs and darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) were the most preferred food types, and Hymenoptera and cylindrical bark beetles (Colydiidae) were least preferred. Consumption of most foods mirrored their availability. Most individuals’ diets conformed to the pattern seen at the population scale, with 21–54% of dry faecal mass derived from beetles and 13–39% from earwigs. One animal frequently consumed large amounts of fruit. Dietary overlap between pairs of individuals was high (mean Horn’s index, 0.84). This may be the result of limited opportunities to diversify in a very moisture-limited and low diversity habitat.
The “second generation” of glyphosate-tolerant soybean (GT2 soybean) was developed through a different technique of insertion of the glyphosate-insensitive EPSPs gene, in comparison with “first generation” of glyphosate-tolerant soybean. However, there is not enough information available about glyphosate selectivity in GT2 soybean and the effects on the quality of seeds produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate tolerance to glyphosate and seed quality of soybean cultivar NS 6700 IPRO (GT2) with cp4-EPSPs and cry1Ac genes, after application at post-emergence (V4). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates and seven treatments, or rates of glyphosate (0; 720; 1,440; 2,160; 2,880; 3,600; 4,320 g of acid equivalent − a.e. · ha−1). Assessments were performed for crop injury, SPAD index and variables related to agronomic performance and seed quality. A complementary trial with the same cultivar and treatments in a greenhouse was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Data analysis indicated no significant effect of glyphosate on V4 on agronomic performance and physiological quality of seeds, for two growing seasons. The soybean cultivar NS 6700 IPRO (GT2), with cp4-EPSPs and cry1Ac genes, was tolerant to glyphosate up to the maximum rate applied (4,320 g a.e. · ha−1) at post-emergence (V4). The quality of soybean seeds was not affected by glyphosate up to the maximum rate applied (4,320 g a.e. · ha−1) at post-emergence (V4).
The possibility of using the monoionic Ag+ - form of clinoptilolite of domestic origin for radioactive iodide separation from waters has heen studied. The capacity of the silver form of clinoptilolite towards iodide exceeds many times that of the capacity of clinoptilolite in natural form. Due to low solubility the product Agl iodides generate precipitates on the surface of zeolite. SEM and rtg analyses of the silver form of clinoptilolite after sorption of iodide demonstrate the formation of new crystals on the zeolite surface. In comparison to the origin clinoptilolite sample, TG - analyses show that maximum water release occurs earlier. Sorption of iodide on the silver form of clinoptilolite was described as a second order reaction. The influence of interfering anions on the adsorption capacity of silver clinoptilolite towards iodide was also investigated.
In 1997, 375 cultivated wels specimens were released into Lake Góreckie, which is located in the Wielkopolski National Park. The average mass per specimen was 1,350 g. Control catches were made in 1998 and 1999, and the diet consumed by the wels was investigated. The striped crayfish Orconectes limosus Raf. was detected in 51% of the fish caught. The contribution of striped crayfish to the wels diet fell to 4% after two years. This was probably correlated with changes in the feeding grounds of the older wels.
Interferons (IFNs) induce gene expression by phosphorylating latent transcription factors belonging to the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family, mediated by janus kinases (Jaks). STAT dimers directly activate genes containing the IFNγ activation site (GAS) DNA element, with different STAT proteins displaying slightly different intrinsic DNA binding specificities. The combinatorial association of STATs with the additional DNA binding adaptor protein interferon regulatory factor (IRF)9 expands the range of enhancer elements that can be targeted by the JAK-STAT pathway to interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and IRF response element (IRE). Based on the amino-acid sequence similarity within the IRF family and functional overlap with the STAT family, in this paper we hypothesize that other IRF members could serve as adapter proteins for the STATs during IFN responses to redirect them to subsets of ISRE, GAS and/or IRE-containing IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, the fact that STAT2 homodimers are not capable of binding consensus GAS sites leaves the possibility for a novel type of DNA-binding site bound by STAT2 homodimers and potentially other STAT complexes.
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the selectivity of nicosulfuron, alone and in combinations, applied in post-emergence (V4) of glyphosate and sulfonylurea tolerant (RR/STS) soybean. The experiments were conducted in 2015/16 and 2016/17, in Piracicaba – state of São Paulo (SP). In 2016/17, the experiment was also conducted in Palotina – state of Paraná (PR). The experiment was a randomized block design, with four repetitions and 16 treatments, with combinations of nicosulfuron, glyphosate, chlorimuron, sulfometuron and cloransulam, applied alone or in tank mixture. Crop injury and variables related to agronomic performance were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were compared by the Tukey test. The results obtained are significant in the positioning of herbicides in RR/STS soybean, since in the five experiments, all the treatments were selective, except for glyphosate + sulfometuron which reduced the yield of a cultivar (CD 2630 RR/STS) in the 2015/16 season.
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