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The article presents the attempt to establish connections between the shape of cones and the weight, number and colour of seeds coming from one stand. The author suggested choosing pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds of the best cultivation characteristics before extraction, paying attention to the shape of cones, and after extraction basing on the weight and colour of seeds. In addition, the author studies the distribution of dark and light seeds on cone scales.
 A hexameric 150-kDa lectin was isolated from dried Hibiscus mutabilis seeds using a chromatographic protocol that involved ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose, and gel filtration on Superdex 75 and Superdex 200. The lectin was not adsorbed on SP-Sepharose and was eluted from the Superdex 75 column in the void volume. It was eluted in the first peak from Superdex 200. It was strongly adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose and could not be easily desorbed. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin, which was stable at pH 4-7 and up to 50oC, could be inhibited by 25 mM galactonic acid. This is the first report of a galactonic acid-binding lectin. It potently inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 0.2 µM. It exhibited weak antiproliferative activity towards both hepatoma HepG2 cells (40% inhibition) and breast cancer MCF-7 cells (50% inhibition) at 100 µM concentration of the lectin. It did not inhibit mycelial growth of a number of fungi tested.
Ions of irons, especially ferrous ions may be harmful for living organisms, because they generate reactive oxygen species like O2 •- or •OH. Probability of the risk rises especially in pathological conditions, in which high level of iron is observed. For this reason scientists try to establish new methods that can support organism in eliminating reactive ferrous ions. Nowadays, attention focuses on substances present in plants, especially polyphenols, whose administration prevents oxidative damages in iron overloading. This new approach requires some research on behavior of plant-derived compounds in human organism, within a system containing other biomolecules involved in iron metabolism. The aim of this study has been to investigate the influence of black currant (Ribes nigrum) seed extract, a source of polyphenols, on the activity of ceruloplasmin, an enzyme participating in Fe(II) elimination from blood plasma in human organism. Depletion of Fe(II) caused by ceruloplasmin isolated from healthy blood donors was compared to its decrease in a system containing both ceruloplasmin and the extract. The results have shown that addition of a particular amount of the extract elevates the effectiveness of ceruloplasmin in eliminating Fe(II) from the sample but only under physiological condition (pH 7.4; T 37°C). In a weak acidic solution, addition of the extract does not lead to any change in Fe(II) concentration.
Both seed and root extracts of the medicinal plant, Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera exhibit insect growth regulatory activity against the polyphagous pest, Pericallia ricini. Topical administration of W. somnifera seed and root extracts to last instar larvae of P. ricini disrupted moulting and metamorphosis, leading to a number of developmental abnormalities such as delay in larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis, formation of larval-pupal, pupal- -adult and larval-pupal-adult mosaics/chimeras, ecdysial failure, suppression of pupation and adult emergence and formation of abnormal pupae and adultoids. The treatment with seed extracts was more severe than that of root extracts as it completely suppressed the pupation and adult emergence. The results clearly suggest that the medicinal plant, W. somnifera acts as a potential insect growth regulatory (IGR) disrupting the moulting and metamorphosis as a consequence of interference with the endocrine system.
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is the major antioxidant in plasma, a protein that carries about 95% of the total copper. Multiple biochemical activities of ceruloplasmin have been described, including copper transport or oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) for subsequent uptake by transferrin and ferritin. Reduction of the pool of free Fe(II) ions by Cp prevents the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species by oxidation of Fe(II), thus inhibiting the Haber-Weiss reaction. The removal of both free Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from blood plasma by polyphenols enhances the antioxidant system of the living organism. However, the mechanism of interactions between exo- and endogenous antioxidants is still under consideration. The effect of raspberry seed extract (RSE) on the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin isolated from plasma of patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis (CpAO) was investigated. Moreover, the effect of RSE on the ferroxidase activity of Cp isolated from healthy volunteers (CpC) was also estimated. The ferroxidase activity of Cp, expressed as ΔFe(II), was determined by spectrophotometry with the use of the Fe(II) – histidine complex and ferrozine as a chromogenic reagent. The addition of RSE to samples with the same amount of both CpAO or CpC in each caused an increase in ΔFe(II). The polyphenol-rich RSE may assist Cp in the fight against free radicals and reactive oxygen species when the disease occurs due to an excessive use or reduced production of endogenous antioxidants.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(Leguminosae), known in Morocco as “Helba”, is used in folk medicine for its anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, cicatrizing activities and to treat various pain-related physiological states. In present study, we attempted to verify the possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts obtained from the seeds of this plant. Three experimental models were used (i.e. acetic acid, formalin, and hot-plate tests) in order to characterize both the analgesic and the anti inflammatory effects. Dichloromethane (350 and 500 mg/kg), ethyl acetate [(EAE) (350 and 500 mg/kg)], aqueous (500 mg/kg) and butanolic (500 mg/kg) extracts significantly and in a dose-dependent manner reduced the pain induced by IP injection of acetic acid. In the formalin test, the extracts, except EAE, significantly reduced the painful stimulus but only in the early phase of the test. On the contrary, these extracts, except EAE, were ineffective in increasing the latency of licking or jumping in the hot-plate test. These results suggest that the compounds present in the extracts activated both central and peripheral mechanisms to elicit the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, pharmacological and chemical studies are continued in order to characterize these mechanisms and also to identify the active principles present in each extract.
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