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This paper discusses existing models of long-wave radiation exchange between the sea surface and the atmosphere, and compares them with experimental data. The latter were based on empirical data collected in the southern Baltic during cruises of r/v ‘Oceania’. To a greater or lesser extent, all the models were encumbered with significant systematic and statistical errors. The probable reasons for these discrepancies are given.
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Research on wood submerged in the sea

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The Polish Maritime Museum in Gdansk participated in the EU project MACHU aiming at creation of a system of location, making information on European subaqueous maritime cultural heritage available and dissemination of it. 7 EU countries co-operated in the project. The Wood Technology Institute contributed to research on durability of small oak wood samples submerged in the sea. The samples were considered bioindicator of changes. The outline of research in the project is presented below.
The article describes applications and accuracy analyses of a statistical model of light absorption by phytoplankton that accounts for the influence of photo- and chromatic acclimation on its absorption properties. Part 1 of this work (seeWoźniak et al. 2000, this volume) describes the mathematical apparatus of the model. Earlier models by Woźniak & Ostrowska (1990) and by Bricaud et al. (1995, 1998) are analysed for comparison. Empirical verification of these three models shows that the new model provides a much better approximation of phytoplankton absorption properties than do the earlier models. The statistical errors in estimating the mean absorption coefficient apl, for example, are σ+ = 36% for the new model, whereas for the earlier models the figures are σ+ = 43% (Bricaud et al. 1995, 1998) and σ+ = 59% (Woźniak & Ostrowska 1990). Example applications are given of the new model illustrating the variability in phytoplankton absorption properties with depth and trophicity of the sea.
Two methods of determining the chlorophyll a concentration in the sea have been formulated on the basis of artificially induced fluorescence measured with the aid of submersible fluorometers. The method of statistical correlation is founded on the empirical relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll concentration. The theoretical model of fluorescence described in Part 1 of this paper (see Ostrowska et al. 2000, this volume) provides the basis of the other method, the physical method. This describes the dependence of the specific fluorescence of phytoplankton on the chlorophyll concentration, a diversity of photophysiological properties of phytoplankton and the optical characteristics of the fluorometer. In order to assess their practicability, the methods were subjected to empirical verification. This showed that the physical method yielded chlorophyll concentrations of far greater accuracy. The respective error factors of the estimated chlorophyll concentration were x = 2.07 for the correlation method and x = 1.5 for the physical method. This means that the statistical logarithmic error varies from −52 to +107% in the case of the former method but only from −33 to +51% in the case of the latter. Thus, modifying the methodology has much improved the accuracy of chlorophyll determinations.
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of non-photosynthetic (photoprotecting) pigments on the measured quantum yield of photosynthesis in the sea. The energy absorbed by these pigments is not utilised during photosynthesis. As a result, the measured yield of this process, i.e. the photosynthetic yield referred to the total energy absorbed by all phytoplankton pigments, is less than the actual quantum yield of photosynthesis, i.e. the yield referred to the energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments only. The model of the absorption properties of marine phytoplankton derived by the authors (see Woźniak et al. 2000, this volume) was employed to determine the relevant contributions of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments to the total energy absorbed by phytoplankton in different trophic types of seas and at different depths in the water column. On this basis the non-photosynthetic pigment absorption factor fa, which describes the relation between the true and measured quantum yields of photosynthesis, could be characterised. The analysis shows that fa varies in value from 0.33 to 1, and that it depends on the trophic type of sea and the depth in the water column. The values of this factor are usually highest in eutrophic waters and decrease as waters become progressively more oligotrophic. It is also characteristic of fa that it increases with increasing depth in the sea.
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