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Until now sandy soils can be considered as one roup having common hydrophysical problems. Therefore, a labo-ratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of bagasse as an amendment to improve hydrophysical properties of sandy soil, through the determination of bulk density, aggregate-size distribution, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pore-space structure and water retention. To fulfil this objective, sandy soils were amended with bagasse at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4% on the dry weight basis. The study results demonstrated that the addition of bagasse to sandy soils in between 3 to 4% on the dry weight basis led to a significant decrease in bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and rapid-drainable pores, and increase in the total porosity, water-holding pores, fine capillary pores, water retained at field capacity, wilting point, and soil available water as compared with the control treatment.
The heterogeneity of both unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention was measured with a high spatial resolution on a transect using an evaporation method. Fifteen undisturbed 100 cm 3 soil cores were taken on a transect every 10 cm from the topsoil of a water repellent sandy site. Five dynamic water retention curves and four unsaturated conductivity curves were determined for each core. We conducted measurements without further saturation in the laboratory in order to achieve field-like conditions. The initial water contents were hetero- geneous, indicating different hysteretic conditions and water repellent areas. The scattering of the water retention curves was high, while the heterogeneity of unsaturated conductivity curves was unexpectedly low. Two scaling approaches were used to describe the heterogeneity: one with and one without considering hysteresis. The concept of scaling applies well to describing the heterogeneity of both hydraulic functions. Including hysteresis leads to similar results than excluding hysteresis. The distribution of the hydraulic conductivity and the water retention were inde- pendent from each other. The results give important information for numerical simulation of the water flow with heterogeneous hydraulic functions.
The study was carried out to asses the influence of soil mineral fertilization, manure application and soil liming on changes in the concentration of microelements (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soil solution. The tests were performed on samples of sandy soil collected from long-term fertilization experiments being conducted on lessive soil of the granulometric structure of clayish sand. Soil solution was prepared with the suction method. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was determined by means of the ICP method. The results showed an increase in Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and a decrease in B and Mo in soil solution when soil was fertilized with nitrogen. The concentration of microelements in soil solution was not significantly influenced when soil was fertilized with phosphorous and potassium. Liming had a significant effect on a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and an increase in B and Mo in soil solution. Soil application of manure significantly increased the concentration of microelements in soil solution.
Bentonite has been recognized as a very good material for the improvement of coarse textured soils. In microplot experiment, of a sandy soil deprived of the humus layer was enriched in 1973 with waste bentonite at the rates of 0, 3, 6 and 12 kg m -2 . Until 2002, the microplots were planted with different crops and regularly enriched with mineral a nd organic fertili zers. Since 2003, the microplots were left barren. In 2009, determinations of several features of the soils (in 5-30, 30-55 and 55-80 cm layers) showed that the historical amendment of the sandy soil with bentonite (especially its highest dose) ensured significantly higher contents of water, organic C, clay, silt and a sand fraction with particle diameter <0.1 mm in 5-30 cm layer. Proportions of non-dispersible clay in the total clay of bentonite soils in the two upper soil layers were significantly lower than those of the control soil. A significant increase in the penetrometer resistance was observed in 40-58 cm layers of the control soil and the soil with 3 kg m -2 bentonite amendment, contrary to the soils with two highest bentonite doses.
Mobile forms of radionuclide 137Cs in different soils (natural pastures) of northeastern Poland were evaluated. An attempt was made to show if and what mobile forms of 137Cs are related to different soil properties. For this reason 108 soil samples from 0 to 10 cm in depth were measured for mobile forms of 137Cs activity and analyzed for clay fraction, pH-value, exchangeable potassium (Kex.), exchangeable calcium (Caex.), magnesium (Mgex.), sodium (Naex.) content, organic matter and organic carbon content (C org.), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Samples of soils were collected in the period from June 1995 to July 1996. The radiocaesium and mobile forms of 137Cs activity were determined by gamma spectrometry. The mobility of 137Cs was studied by means of sequential extraction. Mobile forms of radionuclide l37Cs were related to physicochemical parameters of soils.
In incubation experiments the microbiological equilibrium of two sandy soils was unsettled using captan in a dose which considerably influenced fungi. The reduction of the fungal community contributed to an intensive multiplication of the bacteria detectable by the cultural method, particularly of the number of their eutrophic forms. However, the changes in the discussed ecotrophic group of bacteria were not accompanied by an increase in the total number of the soil bacteria community detectable with the help of the microscope and consisted for the most part from oligotrophic bacteria. Moreover, there was a continous declining tendency and overall microbial activity of the soil was in most instances reduced. All the described effects were intensified by the addition of fresh organic matter.
В работе представлена характеристика засорения зерновых (рожь, ячмень, овес) и картофеля на песчаных почвах, принадлежащих к хорошему слабому о очень слабому ржаному комплексу в Сандомерской котловине. Основой характеристики являлись фитоцено логические съемки, выполняемые по методу Браун-Бланкета в 1973 - 1983 гг. Проведенные исследования показали, что самыми злостными видами сорняков в анализируемом районе следует считать: в озимых зерновых - Apera spica-venti, Centaurea cyanus, Scleranthus annuus. Polygonum convolvulus; в яровых зерновых - Spergula arvensis, Chenopodium album, Polygonum convolvulus, Raphanus raphanistrum, Equisetum arvense; в картофеле - Agropyron repens, Raphanus raphanistrum, Spergula arvensis, Equisetum arvense, Chenopodium album, Setaria glauca, Polygonum convolvulus, Polygonum lapathifolium.
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