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Economic poverty in rural areas of Poland

100%
In Poland relatively more families live in economic poverty in rural areas, which is refl ected in the fact that in the years 2007–2013 the extreme and relative poverty risk as well as the national poverty threshold indices in rural areas were higher than in urban areas. The greatest differences in the mentioned poverty indices between rural and urban areas were revealed in the scope of the relative poverty. The fact that there is no evident decrease in the relative poverty index, particularly in rural areas, indicates persistent income inequalities. In comparison with the remaining household groups, the socioeconomic situation of farmers’ households was particularly diffi cult. Their extreme, national and relative poverty risk indices were one of the highest. Many negative tendencies that promote poverty accumulate in Poland’s rural areas. The most important of them include the high unemployment rate and a relatively low level of education among the rural population.
The aim of this study was to evaluate individual farms which predominantly dealt with crop production, but also kept sheep. Information about the farms’ cash flow was collected by way of direct interviews with the owners of the farms. The cash flow analysis revealed problems with liquidity. Therefore, it was necessary for some farms to have financial resources available for periods of negative financial flows or to be able to sell farm products. The national sheep industry which focuses on the production of lambs for slaughter, gives the opportunity to improve revenue. This was especially necessary in the second quarter, in which a lack of liquidity was observed. The share of income from sheep production in total revenues ranged from 19 to 50%, and proved that keeping sheep as a supplementary activity was beneficial.
The article is an aimed attempt at the diagnosis and evaluation of the educational level (character) of rural population in Poland perceived as educational advancement as well as of its environment (background). Growing importance of education in improving professional opportunities, changing educational aspirations and parents’ support as well as positive internal migration trends were emphasised. Rural regions are still lagging behind urban areas, though optimistic characteristics indicate receding stigmatisation and marginalisation of the Polish country with internal migration of young and educated individuals, including affluent ones (potential luxury goods buyers), to rural areas. In the semi urbanisation and suburbanisation processes the increase of rural population involves mostly areas adjacent to big agglomerations rather than peripheral villages. The study is based on analysis of public statistical Central Statistical Office of Poland data including the National Population and Housing Censuses of 1988, 2002, 2011, supplemented and deepened the Public Opinion Research Center (CBOS) opinion poll results in Poland and global reports from the area of urbanization and education.
Due to state ownership of both free game and most forests in Poland, large hunting districts and low number of hunters, hunting in Polish hunting grounds provides an opportunity to encounter many animal species, often in their almost natural environment. The qualities of Poland’s fauna and flora as well as Poland’s accession to the EU and the resulting ease of movement have contributed to the development of hunt tourism. As a consequence, there has been a rise in the demand for services offered by rural areas inhabitants, which in turn should make local communities recognize the need to preserve the natural environment.
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88%
The aim of this study was to identify the most important information needs of entrepreneurs from Mazovia, with special focus on rural areas. Enterprises located in Mazovia, including rural areas, have reported various information needs, which unfortunately are not met. A total of 145 firms situated in the Mazovia region were surveyed, including 37 in rural areas. The information needs that were the most important for all respondents were connected with current legal regulations and changes to law. Contacts with clients and the media were their basic source of information. Trade magazines, scientific conferences and symposiums were the least preferred options of access to information. Entrepreneurs highly value integrated information offers defined as providing information in a complex manner. Such an offer should ensure effective data collection, organisation of transfer and good access, which may often determine the success of business operations.
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Ageing of rural population in Mazovian province

88%
The paper presents statistical and spatial analysis of ageing of rural population in Mazovian Voivodship. The analysis using population statistics from the Central Statistical Office of Poland, carried out on a local LAU 2 level, where rural areas were defined according to DEGURBA classification, and using classical measures of ageing proves that all rural LAU 2s in the region are old by UNO criteria, however those adjacent to cities and Ostrołęka town are relatively younger. Population of Warsaw is older than population of adjacent rural communes. In case of rural LAU2s there is a strong correlation between the share of the old and Sauvy’s index, while there is no linkage between the share of old and double ageing index.
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The article aims to present the significance of low-emission (green) economy in Pułtusk Municipality (Gmina Pułtusk). The main source of air pollution in the municipality is emission resulting from the process of fossil fuel combustion to generate heat. The Low-Emission Economy Plan (LEEP) in Pułtusk is a strategic document describing the course of action aimed at achieving the targets of the climate and energy package. Action planned in order to implement the objectives set in the Low-Emission Economy Plan in Pułtusk Municipality will be financed by Pułtusk’s own budgetary resources and outside funds.
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The role of tourism in rural areas of Hungary

88%
Studied by many researchers, tourism has become a major income-generating sector of the economy. Tourism often creates potential and acts as an engine of local economic development for many rural areas however, it is not established in all areas. The utilization of tourism potential in rural areas is sometimes considered to be the “only and last resort” to generating economic growth, even though it is frequently not enough to solve long-lasting and serious problems existing in such areas. Thus, when developing the sector, it is necessary to examine the conditions of a given area. The aim of this study is to discover the touristic possibilities of rural areas and, with the application of certain indicators, quantify and define the long-term potentials of the sector.
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