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Until recently, assessment of sperm quality was based on subjective evaluation of parameters such as semen concentration, motility and morphological abnormalities. These methods are influenced by many factors: temperature, evaluator skills and experience, the number of evaluated spermatozoa, difference in sample preparation, etc. Consequently high variations were reported in the estimation of semen quality of the same ejaculate assessed by different observers. Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA), based on individual spermatozoon assessment, offer an accurate and rapid calculation of different semen parameters, such as total motility, progressive motility, linearity, several velocity parameters and morphology. The development and problems related to using CASA technology are raised in this review.
One of the ways to improve methods for the artificial reproduction of fish is the possibility of storing sperm for short periods under refrigerated conditions (+4°C) without the necessity of freezing. In the experiment semen extenders with and without sugars (glucose and fructose) were applied during the storage of pike semen. The analysis of sperm motility parameters indicated that semen that had not been diluted with an immobilization buffer decreased in quality very quickly. After 24 hours of storage significant differences were noted in parameters measured with CASA, and after the subsequent two days no motile sperm were noted. The semen that was diluted with the immobilization buffer that included glucose retained 48% motile sperm after four days of the experiment. The results indicate that diluting the semen with an immobilization buffer lengthens the storage period of pike semen under refrigerated conditions.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PAF addition on selected motility characteristics and plasmalemma integrity of boar spermatozoa following liquid storage in a boar semen extender, Kortowo-3 (K-3), supplemented with lipoprotein fractions extracted from hen egg yolk (LPFh) or lyophilized lipoprotein fractions extracted from ostrich egg yolk (LPFo), at 5°C and 16°C. Sperm motility was evaluated using a computer system (CASA). The determination of AspAT activity in sperm extracts as well as fluorescent analysis, with a fluorochrome, Hoechst 33258, were used to assess the plasmalemma integrity overlying the middle-piece and acrosomal regions of spermatozoa, respectively. It was confirmed that the addition of exogenous PAF to K-3 extender containing LPFh or LPFo had a beneficial effect on the sperm quality parameters during storage at 5°C or 16°C. This phenomenon was manifested by an increase in motility and survivability of spermatozoa. The use of LPFh or LPFo as a component of boar semen extender had a protective effect on the plasmalemma integrity overlying the middle-piece and acrosomal regions of PAF-treated spermatozoa.
Pig insemination mostly makes use of liquid preserved semen, because long-term efforts to develop an efficient and simple method for freezing boar semen has still not produced satisfactory results. Considering the problems in developing an efficient method for semen cryoconservation and the need for long-term storage of semen, attempts have been made to develop an extender allowing boar semen to be stored at 15-17°C for at least 5 days without lowering fertilizing capacity of the spermato­zoa. This article presents the results of research on the effect of different antioxidants (L-glutathione, butylated hydroxytoluene, catalase, and peroxide dismutase) added to extenders allowing liquid preservation of semen on improving storage time and semen quality. In our experiments, in addition to evaluation of semen that included semen concentration, motility and morpho­logical assessment, we used an additional evaluation method in which apoptotic changes were detected using YO-PRO-1 fluo- rochrome and staining with annexin V labelled with fluorescein, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (AT) was meas­ured using JC-1 stain. The semen of 6 boars (5 ejaculates per boar) were extended with Biosolwens Plus (control), Biosolwens Plus supplemented with 0.12 g L-glutathione, Biosolwens Plus supplemented with 0.04 g BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), and Biosolwens Plus supplemented with 0.01 g catalase and 0.0064 g peroxide dismutase. The extenders were stored at 15-17°C and motility was evaluated daily until the day on which sperm motility decreased to 30%. Our study shows that adding 0.04 g of butylated hydroxytoluene to Biosolwens Plus extends semen storage by 2.7 days, during which time it maintains a motility of 30%, and decreases the percentage of apoptotic and early apoptotic spermatozoa compared to control.
The studies were carried out on 12 Polish ponies at the mean age of 7 years and body weight 380-410 kg during mating season (3 months) in April-June. Six stallions received СаСО₃ (experimental group) for 30 days, six non-treated ones served as a control. They were fed the natural fodder and their diet contained 23.96 mg of Zn, 3.76 mg of Cu and 3.96 g of Ca (control) and 12.49 g of Ca (experimental group) per 1 kg. The semen was taken by means of an artificial vagina and was assessed on the basis of the concentration of spermatozoons, their number in one ejaculation, the percentage of moving and live spermatozoons and their morphology. In the seminal plasma the concentration of total protein, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and levels of Zn, Cu, and Ca were determined. The studies showed that calcium excess in the fodder decreased semen quality significantly (especially with regards to concentration and total number of spermatozoa, percentage of mobile, live and normal spermatozoa) and the content of Zn and Cu in the seminal plasma in stallions.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of bulls on the basis of the assessment of fresh and thawed semen, following the swim-up procedure and immunological assay with IgA and IgG antisperm antibodies. In addition, the suitability of immunological reaction with IgG and IgA antisperm antibodies for seminological assessment of bull semen was examined. Tests were conducted with semen originating from Holstein-Friesian bulls. Ejaculates were collected twice from 15 two-year-old males, yielding 30 samples of semen. After the calculation of sperm concentration and motility, the samples were diluted with Biociphos-Plus® and frozen in straws. After thawing, sperm concentration and motility were calculated again (an average of 101.4 million sperm/ml with a motility of around 21%), and the spermatozoa were subjected to swim-up. At the same time, frozen-thawed bull semen was tested for the presence of antisperm antibodies, using SpermMar Tests for IgG and IgA. According to the records of the insemination centre, 53 515 insemination treatments had been conducted with semen of selected bulls. In a population of 30 324 cows, the calculated insemination index amounted to 1.76. Half of the cows which were qualified for insemination had already been fertilized with the first treatment (ca 52.8%). After the swim-up, there was an average of 4.5 million hyperactivated spermatozoa with a motility of around 41%. Furthermore, spermatozoa associated with IgG antisperm antibodies were found in 20 ejaculates, i.e. in around 66.67% of all semen samples obtained. The spermatozoa reacted positively with IgA antibodies in as many as 23 samples, which constituted 76.67% of all ejaculates obtained. Correlations between the routinely analyzed semen parameters and the selected parameters (immunological, swim-up) which were demonstrated in this work, did not appear to be sufficiently convincing. Therefore, it seems necessary to repeat this study with a population of clinically healthy, fertile bulls, as well as with juvenile bulls newly introduced to the insemination centre or with bulls with reduced fertility.
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