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The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of experimentally induced hypercalcaemia (after 100000 UI Vigantol and CaCl₂) on neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in the thyroid and airways in the rat. After 24 h, 7 days and 14 days the thyroid and lungs were collected. Paraffin sections were immunocytochemically stained with specific antibodies against CGRP, calcitonin (CT) and synaptophysin (SY) in the airway NECs and thyroid C cells. The largest hypercalcaemia were observed in experimental rats after 7 days. More significant changes in the number and size of neuroendocrine cells were observed in the thyroid gland as well as in the airways. In the airways only a slight increase in the number of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) was observed, some of which gave evidence of hypertrophy symptoms.
Evaluation of the immunogenicity of the vaccine against respiratory tract infections in calves caused by Pasteurella multocida, and prepared from antigen of a local strain of serotype 3 with oil adjuvant addition, was the object of the prescnt studies. Two experiments were carried out using calves. Vaccine was given them at a dose of 2 ml i.m., twice every 14 days. In experiment 1, sera were obtained before vaccination, 2 and 5 weeks after the first vaccination, in experiment 2 - before vaccination, 2 weeks, 1 and 2 months after the first vaccination. lmmunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated by means of an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and an ELISA test. The carrier-state of Pasteurella multocida on mucous membrane of nasal cavity was examined. lt was found that immunisation stimulated the production of the specific precipitins for serotype 3 and it caused the increase of IgG level found using ELISA test with microplate coated with whole-bacterium antigen or LPS of that serotype. The investigation confirms the good immunogenicity of the vaccine.
The present review deals mainly with recent developments in research on the impact of PM10 (particulate matter below 10 mm) air pollution on the respiratory system and the possibly oxidant reactions that occur as a result of breathing these particles.
A total of 111 strains (77 strains were Gram-negative and 34 were Gram-positive) of an­aerobic bacteria isolated from respiratory tract, were tested. The following essential oils were used for these determinations: Tea Tree Oil, Manuka Oil, Australian Lemon Myrtle Oil and Australian Sandalwood Oil. The susceptibility bacterial strains was determined by means of plate dilution techniques in Brucella agar with 5% sheep blood. Incubation was performed in anaerobic conditions. The MIC was interpreted as the lowest concen­trations of the essential oils inhibiting the growth of bacteria. The results indicated, that strains of Prevotella (40-81%), Porphyromonas (40-60%) and Fusobacterium (53-65%) were the most sensitive to the lowest concentrations of the 4 es­sential oils (MIC <0.03-0.12 mg/ml). From among Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, the strains of the Peptostreptococcus were the most susceptible to Manuka Oil and Tea Tree Oil (82-95% strains respectively were susceptible with values of MIC from <0.03 to 0.12 mg/ml). The most active against all examined anaerobic bacteria were the Manuka Oil and the Tea Tree Oil. The tested essential oils were more active against Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria.
Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from nasal swabs and lungs of pigs, to 16 commonly used antibiotics, was determined by disc diffusion test, ß-lactams showed the best activity against Streptococcus suis (S. suis) (> 99% of susceptible strains). The lowest sensitivity of S. suis was evidenced to: tylosin, tetracycline and neomycin (50%, 40% and 25%, respectively). Isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) demonstrated the highest susceptibility to cephalosporin (85% strains), gentamicin and norfloxacin (over 74%). The lowest susceptibility of E. coli was demonstrated to tiamulin and penicillin (11.3% and 1.9%, respectively). Over 80% of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The highest resistance of App, but demonstrated by below 20% of tested isolates only, was evidenced to neomycin and LxS. Isolates of Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Haemophilus parasuis (Hps) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (A. pyogenes) were highly susceptible to the most antibiotics included in the analysis. The comparison of the in vitro susceptibility of pathogens to the chemotherapeutics used on Polish farms for the therapy of bacterial infection of pigs within the last five years and the last 10 years, showed an increasing percent of E. coli and S. suis strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics. It is also shown that Pm, Hps, App and A. pyogenes isolates were continuously susceptible to the most chemotherapeutics applied.
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