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Predicting competitive swimming performance

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The aim of this study was to present the results of analyses conducted by means of complementary analytic tools in order to verify their efficacy and the hypothesis that Kohonen’s neural models may be applied in the classification process of swimmers. A group of 40 swimmers, aged 23 ±5 years took part in this research. For the purpose of verification of usefulness of Kohonen’s neural models, statistical analyses were carried out on the basis of results of the independent variables (physiological and physical profiles, specific tests in the water). In predicting the value of variables measured with the so called strong scale regression models, numerous variables were used. The construction of such models required strict determination of the endogenous variable (Y – results for swim distances of 200 m crawl), as well as the proper choice of variables in explaining the study’s phenomenon. The optimum choice of explanatory variables for the Kohonen’s networks was made on the grounds of regression analysis. During statistical analysis of the gathered material neural networks were used: Kohonen’s feature maps (data mining analysis). The obtained model has the form of a topological map, where certain areas can be separated, and the map constructed in this way can be used in the assessment of candidates for sports training.
One of the main dendrometric characteristics of Scots pine is the height increment. This characteristic is used to assess the condition of trees and determine radial increments in considered periods. Meteorological conditions have a large impact on the length increments, both during formation of buds and during tree growth. The duration of sunshine is one of the factors influencing the weather, thus the relationship between this factor and height increments was considered in this paper. The correlation coefficients and forward stepwise regression analysis were both used for this purpose. The significant dependences between increments in height of Scots pine and sunshine were shown. The sunshine in the vegetation season (current year) had the largest impact mainly in winter and spring months, as well as in July of the current year.
The prediction of species response to human activity is of great interest in contemporary restoration ecology. The purpose of the article was to analyse which species life history traits and species habitat preferences are important during succession after the abandonment of mining activity in a sand-pit. During a 15-year period (1996–2010), 176 phytosociological relevés were placed within vegetation patches of different ages and divided according to soil moisture, thus forming two series of chronosequences that ranged from 0 to ca. 50 years. The datasets were analysed using both DCA/CCA ordinations and regression trees. The successional gradient, apart from the theoretically predicted replacement R by C strategists, revealed the occurrence of stresstolerant ruderals and competitive ruderals in the early successional stages. However, differences were observed between the wet and dry series. On dry soils the ruderals, anemochorous and windpollinated species dominated in the early phases. In the middle successional phases, a preponderance of anemochorous species (nanophanerophytes, light or semi-shade demanding species), nitrogen-poor and competitive ruderals or species typical for nitrogen-rich soils was recorded. In the late successional stages, species with both the ability of vegetative and generative reproduction appeared. On the other hand, on wet sites in the early successional phases, species with vegetative growth, hydrophytes, chamaephytes and stresscompetitors prevailed. Later in the succession, they were replaced by insect-pollinated species in nitrogen rich habitats and stress-tolerant ruderals on less fertile habitats. Finally, competitors started to prevail. Knowledge of the environmental conditions of a given site, the ecological processes and species biology can assist in achieving the desired goals or in initiating or enhancing succession on some disturbed sites.
Atherosclerosis, once believed to be a result of a slow, irreversible process resulting from lipid accumulation in arterial walls, is now recognized as a dynamic process with reversibility. Liver-directed gene therapy for dyslipidemia aims to treat patients who are not responsive to currently available primary and secondary prevention. Moreover, gene therapy strategies have also proved valuable in studying the dynamics of atherosclerotic lesion formation, progression, and remodeling in experimental animals. Recent results on the long-term effect of gene therapy suggest that hepatic expression of therapeutic genes suppresses inflammation and has profound effects on the nature of the atherogenic process.
Since the middle sixties, statistical analyses have been conducted in Poland on the description and identification of a hydrograph of a typical flood wave1' in rivers according to the concept of Strupczewski (1964). These works have been enlarged by studies on relationships between basic elements of high waters: culmination flow (Qmax), wave volume (V), rising time (ts) and duration of high water (T). (Ciepielowski, Czechowicz, 1984; Ciepielowski, 1987; 1994; Ciepielowski et al., 2001). In this paper I attempt to summarize these studies and to draw conclusions of a pure (on the mechanisms of floods) and applied (on using flood hydrographs in designing sluice and overflow devices in small retention reservoirs) character.
Obiektem badań były trzy formy jęczmienia jarego (Hordeum vulgare L.): sześciorzędowy mutant dwurzędowej odmiany Damazy, otrzymany w wyniku napromienienia powietrznie suchych nasion neutronami termicznymi, sześciorzędowa odmiana Klimek oraz dwurzędowa odmiana Rataj. Wyznaczono równania regresji wielokrotnej dla plonu ziarna z rośliny. Metodą Wrighta przeprowadzono analizę ścieżkową wykrytych zależności. Dla wyraźniejszego zobrazowania wpływu różnych cech na cechę wynikową, pogrupowano je na wegetatywne i generatywne, uwzględniając przy tym kolejność ich ujawniania się w trakcie ontogenezy. Na zmienność plonu ziarna z roślin badanych biotypów, z cech wegetatywnych, w największym stopniu wpływało rozkrzewienie produktywne. U roślin zmutowanych cechę tę determinowało ponadto rozkrzewienie ogólne; u odmiany Rataj — grubość drugiego miedzywęźla oraz masa słomy. Z cech generatywnych, w przypadku wszystkich badanych form, najsilniej na plon ziarna z rośliny wpływała liczba ziaren z rośliny oraz masa tysiąca ziaren.
Osady ściekowe mogą powodować zagrożenie środowiska ze względu na zawartość w nich metali ciężkich, WWA, jaj helmintów. Stosowanie osadów ściekowych do rekultywacji terenów zdegradowanych może doprowadzić do wzrostu zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach. W pracy określono statystyczne zależności zachodzące pomiędzy azotem a mikroskładnikami zawartymi w masie traw uprawianych na glebach lekkich wzbogaconych osadem ściekowym. Analiza wariancji (test F) wykazała, że na zawartość azotu ogólnego w materiale roślinnym miał wpływ rodzaj utworu glebowego, rok badań oraz interakcje pomiędzy tymi czynnikami. W przypadku mikroskładników, istotny wpływ na ich zawartość w masie traw miało również nawożenie NPK. Analiza korelacji prostej Pearsona wykazała wysoce istotne korelacje pomiędzy azotem a mikroskładnikami. Istotne korelacje dotyczyły azotu z następującymi pierwiastkami: Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn i Zn.
In this paper we have analysed invasive flora of Medvednica Nature Park, Croatia with respect to their origins, life forms, systematic positions, types of seed dispersal, Ellenberg indicator values and spatial distributions using MTB 1/64 grid units for analyses. A total of 27 invasive plant species, belonging to 14 families, were recorded with Asteraceae being the most frequently occurring family. Therophytes were the most common life form, as is generally true of Croatian invasive plants; however, hemicryptophytes and geophytes were more frequent in Medvednica. Here, invasive plants originated mainly from both Americas with slightly lower portion in comparison to all Croatian invasive plants, while contrary was the case when comparing those originated from Asia. The most widespread species was Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., and the species with the lowest occurrence were Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh.) Rydb and Datura innoxia Mill. A multiple regression model explains 44% of the spatial variability in the invasive plants data per MTB 1/64 unit, using the number of all recorded plant species, the average elevation and the lengths of paths and roads as estimators. The latter two variables also had the most influence on the ordination axes in analyses of the spatial distribution of seed dispersal types present in each MTB 1/64 unit. Anemochory was the most frequent type of seed dispersal.
We tested the reliability of fecal nitrogen (FN) to predict dietary nitrogen (DN) in two sika deerCervus nippon Heude, 1884 populations with greatly differing habitats. One was near the village of Nishiokoppe (area A) and the other was on Nakanoshima Island (area B) in Hokkaido, Japan. To estimate FN, we washed feces through a sieve, and diet was identified based on rumen-content analysis. The diet in area A was mostly composed of grass and legumes of agricultural origin, with browse being only a minor component. In contrast, browse such as deciduous foliage was the main component of the diet in area B. Dietary nitrogen was significantly regressed by FN within specific areas. On the other hand, the DN-FN-relationship had a similar slope but significantly different intercepts between areas. DN-FN-relationships differed between diets with and without an agricultural component, irrespective of browse. Thus, the difference in the DN-FN-relationship between areas was explained by differences in dietary composition. We therefore conclude that FN may be useful in predicting DN in diverse dietary situations regardless of the ratio of browse in the diet of free-ranging ungulates, but that dependence on agricultural pastures may hinder the utility of FN as an index of DN.
The global adaptive convergence of subterranean mammals currently involves 3 orders: rodents, insectivores and marsupials. These include 11 families, 50 genera, and several hundreds of species. This global evolutionary process followed the stepwise climatic cooling and drought followed by biotic extinction in the transition from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene, a period of 10 million years (35-45 Ma = million years ago), of profound change in earth geology, climate and biota. The earth changed from the Mesozoic "hot house" to the Neogene (Miocene to Present) "cold house", ie from a warm, equable, mostly subtropical world that persisted from the Mesozoic to the beginning of the present glaciated world. The ecological theater of open country biotas, that opened up progressively in the Cenozoic following the Eocene-Oligocene transition, was associated with increasing aridity, colder climate, and terrestrialism. This climatic change set the stage for a rapid evolutionary play of recurrent adaptive radiations of unrelated mammals on all continents into the subterranean ecotope. The subterranean ecotope is relatively simple, stable, specialised, low or medium in productivity, predictable and discontinuous. Its major evolutionary determinants are specialization, competition and isolation. This ecotope involves the herbivorous (rodents) and insectivorous (insectivores and marsupials) niches. All subterranean mammals share molecular and organismal convergent adaptations to their common unique ecology. By contrast, they display divergent adaptations to their separated niches of herbivory and insectivory and to their different phylogenies. The remarkable adaptive evolution of subterranean mammals involves adaptive structural and functional progression and regression. It is one of the most dramatic examples of global convergent evolution due to underground ecological constraints, at both the molecular and organismal levels of evolutionary theory.
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