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Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this paper is Measure 121 of the 2007-2013 RDP, called Modernisation of agricultural holdings. The objective of the study was to present the diversification of regional absorption of aid funds used under this measure and to assess the correlation between the scale of the use of these funds and the level of labor productivity in agriculture. Materials and methods: On the basis of the GUS data, the regional differentiation of the absorption of aid funds from the analyzed measure and labor productivity in agriculture were assessed. The relation between these categories was determined based on Pearson’s linear correlation index. Results and conclusions: A strong regional diversification of labor productivity in agriculture and the level of utilization of European Union funds directed at modernization of agricultural holdings was observed. There is a relation between the scale of the utilization of funds under Measure 121 of the RDP and the efficiency of labor factor. It can therefore be assumed that the form of support investigated is a significant stimulus for the increase in the level of work efficiency.
The study presents a comparison of the distribution of palm dermatoglyphs in the rural populations of different regions of Poland, namely, the Lublin region, the areas of Suwałki, Ostrołeka, and of the village of Giebło. A comparison of the occurrence frequency of dermatoglyphs in the above-mentioned areas reveals statistically significant differences between particular patterns. The differences result from ethnic isolation and isolation of the communities caused by geographical barriers.
Housing conditions largely affect the standard and quality of life. The problem connected with housing conditions is an important social issue for each country due to its socializing, economic and social functions. Having in mind the importance of apartments in terms of the population security and stabilization, the authors of this paper have made an attempt to present the housing situation in Poland through an analysis of regional diversification of housing indexes. Additionally, subjective assessments of housing conditions by the population of provinces: the Kujawsko-pomorskie, the Mazowieckie and the Warmińsko- -mazurskie, have been presented. These studies were carried out using the method CAPI. Based on the analyses it was found that housing resources and conditions in Poland are significantly poorer as compared to those in Western Europe and the disproportions can be noticed throughout the country.
Agricultural land market in Hungary is in process of development, the prices of land is times lower compared to land prices in old member states of the EU. Because of their lower income Hungarian nationals do not have substantial possibilities to acquire ownership over land like nationals of the old member states of the EU. In order to preserve the agricultural sector from shocks that might arise from the differences in land prices and income with the rest of EU, Hungary as the others Central and Eastern European new member states countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia) during the accession negotiations in 2003 was granted the possibility to maintain existing national provisions restricting the acquisition of agricultural land or forests. Based on the data provided by the Hungarian Farm Accountancy Data Network and by the Hungarian Central Statistic Office the authors examined the specific impacts of factors influencing on arable land prices.
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The aim of the study is to assess the competitiveness of the regional diversity of farms in Poland. The study was conducted on a sample of commodity holdings participating in the Polish FADN in 16 voivodeships for the years 2010–2012. The study was based on indicators of competitiveness in terms of production factors and results. Research shows that labour resources and the effictiveness of their use are important aspects of regional diversity of competitiveness of farms. In regions where this factor is present in excess (Małopolskie, Świętokrzyskie, Mazowieckie, Łódzkie and Lubelskie voivodeships), labor productivity was relatively low. These regions are also characterized by lower production potential expressed by the agricultural area of an average farm. The greatest competitive advantages in terms of production profi tability were achieved by farms in Dolnośląskie voivodeship, where there were also some of the highest rates of profitability of assets.
The study identifies consumer and household characteristics that determine the expenditure on fresh apples, the most important fruit in terms of volume consumed. Using data from the national household panel and applying the quantile regression five equations were estimated for households with the different income level and source. Low income households lower their expenditure on apples in response to the increase in the aggregate measure of the price level, but increase their expenditure to a larger extent in response to an increase in their income than households from higher income categories.Celem artyku³u by³o zidentyfikowanie cech konsumenta oraz gospodarstwa domowego, które istotnie wp³ywaj¹ na wielkoæ wydatków na zakup jab³ek, najwa¿niejszego wie¿ego owocu spo¿ywanego w Polsce. Wykorzystuj¹c dane za lata 2001-2008 zebrane z GUS, obliczono piêæ równañ metod¹ regresji kwantylowej, aby porównaæ istotnoæ zmiennych objaniaj¹cych dla gospodarstw domowych o ró¿nej wielkoci i ródle dochodów. Gospodarstwa domowe o najni¿szych dochodach zmniejszaj¹ wydatki na jab³ka w odpowiedzi na rosn¹cy poziom cen. Natomiast zwiêkszaj¹ wydatki kiedy rosn¹ ich dochody w wiêkszym stopniu ni¿ gospodarstwa domowe z wy¿szych kategorii dochodow.
The study presents a comparison of the distribution of sole dermatoglyphs in the rural populations of different regions of Poland, namely, the Lublin region, the areas of Suwalki, Ostroleka, and of the village of Gieblo. A comparison of the occurrence frequency of dermatoglyphs in the population of the Lublin region and that of their occurrence in the populations of Suwalki, Ostroleka and Gieblo areas reveals statistically significant differences between particular patterns. The differences result from ethnic isolation and isolation of the communities caused by geographical barriers.
W artykule spojrzano na region północno-zachodni poprzez pryzmat gmin. Region obejmujący 36,1% obszaru kraju, skupia na swoim terenie 29,1% wszystkich gmin. Z tego tytułu są to gminy większe obszarowo, a przy tym koncentrujące większe zasoby pracy. Gminy mają charakter na ogół wielofunkcyjny, z przewagą rolnictwa (45,1%). W gminach występuje zjawisko problemowości, które sprowadza się do niskiego wykorzystania czynników produkcji. Charakterystyczną cechą regionu jest największe skoncentrowanie gospodarstw wielkoobszarowych.
The paper discusses difficulties connected with obtaining public fund for the realization of programs of educational opportunities equalization (competition and non-competition versions). The comparative studies have been prepared on the basis of two latest legislative solutions: program of assistance for children and youth from former State Agricultural Enterprises; regional programs of educational opportunities equalization. The article also includes the financial results of assistance forms accumulation in both competition and non-competition. The potential value of the obtained financial support highlights the threads of increasing the differences in the access to education. Promotion of the competition in the realization of the program of educational opportunities equalization will increase the existing territorial differences.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the study is to assess the regional differentiation of the average level of farm income and to answer the question of whether during 2006-2014 there was a tendency towards convergence in this area. Materials and methods: The spatial scope of research included four FADN agricultural regions, whereas the time span covered the years 2006-2014. The numerical data used for the analyses were sourced from standard FADN results. The assessment of convergence was carried out using the coefficient of variation (sigma convergence) and the relative index of changes in the regions compared to the country (beta convergence). Results: The conducted research indicates the existence of regional disproportions in terms of average income level and average labour profitability on farms. The highest average income was achieved throughout all the years covered by research in the region of Pomerania and Masuria, and the lowest one in Lesser Poland and Carpathian Foothills. The research demonstrates that during 2006-2014 there was no convergence in the average level of income and average labour profitability of farms in the FADN regions. Conclusions: Convergence is a long-term process, so the research should be treated as an initial examination of the regional differentiation of the income situation of farms.
Regional differences in the aortic wall are important in explaining the physicomechanical properties and disease distribution in this artery. The goat is a suitable model for studying cardiovascular disease, but the regional features of its aorta are scarcely reported. The purpose of the study was therefore to describe the regional differences in the wall of its aorta. Sixteen healthy adult male domestic goats (capra hircus) were euthanised with intravenous sodium pentabarbitone and specimens obtained from the ascending, arch, each vertebral level of descending thoracic, and various segments of abdominal aorta. The specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and routinely processed for paraffin embedding. Seven micron thick sections were stained with Mason’s Trichrome and Weigert Resorcin Fuchsin stains. Light microscopic examination revealed that the aortic wall consists of tunica intima comprising endothelium, subendothelial zone and internal elastic lamina, media, and adventitia. Endothelium comprises flat and round endotheliocytes. The population of round cells declines as the internal elastic lamina increases in prominence caudally. Tunica media in ascending, arch, and proximal thoracic aorta comprises two zones: namely a luminal elastic and adventitial musculo-elastic zone, in which muscle islands interrupt some elastic lamellae. These islands progressively diminish caudally until by the eleventh thoracic vertebra they are only patchy. Beyond this point and in the abdominal aorta they are absent and tunica media consists of regular concentric elastic lamellae. Tunica adventitia, on the other hand, increases in thickness and elastic fibre content caudally. Regional variations exist in all three layers of goat aorta. The nature of these differences suggests that they are related to haemodynamic factors. Furthermore, the variations may form the basis for regional differences in physicomechanical strength and disease distribution along the aorta. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 253–257)
Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie zróżnicowania sytuacji dochodowej ludności użytkującej gospodarstwa rolnicze na przykładzie dwóch wsi, zlokalizowanych w różnych obszarach Polski. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w miejscowości Drażniew, województwo mazowieckie oraz w miejscowości Źlinice, województwo opolskie. Dane odnoszą się do okresu trzech lat gospodarczych, tj. 2000/2001; 2001/2002 oraz 2002/2003. Dane zebrano przy pomocy kwestionariusza wywiadu. Praca ukazuje również zróżnicowanie aktywności ekonomicznej badanych gospodarstw i czynniki warunkujące zaobserwowane zróżnicowanie.
Wewnątrzwojewódzkie zróżnicowania są dokładnym odzwierciedleniem przestrzennej polaryzacji państwa. Województwo mazowieckie ukazuje największy stopień wewnętrznego zróżnicowania. Wskaźnik przedsiębiorczości w wielu okręgach administracyjnych południowego Podlasia jest bardzo niski co wskazuje potrzebę rozwoju lokalnego biznesu. Ogromną rolę w rozwoju regionalnym, w odniesieniu do wskaźników wewnętrznych, odgrywa przedsiębiorczość jego mieszkańców. Polityka regionalna powinna uwzględniać poprawę dynamiki rozwoju i zapobiegać dalszej socjalnej i biznesowej marginalizacji regionu. Lokalne władze mogą odegrać znaczącą rolę w kreowaniu partnerskiej atmosfery i wspieraniu przedsiębiorczości. Takie powiaty muszą przedsięwziąć radykalne kroki aby zmienić swój wizerunek i wypracować pozytywną opinię dla rozwoju biznesu na ich terenie. Aby zmniejszyć przestrzenny kontrast ekonomiczny na obszarach peryferyjnych musi być spełniony podstawowy warunek jakim jest stworzenie możliwości rozwoju w danym regionie.
The present study investigates the genetic structure of 12 roe deerCapreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 population samples from Serbia, by screening a total of 334 individuals. We examined whether genetic differentiation exists in local populations in Serbia, and addressed the question whether management policies may affect genetic structure. The populations were analysed by multilocus protein electrophoresis, with 33 protein loci examined. Screening of 20 enzymes and one group of general proteins revealed polymorphism at the following 12 loci: Sdh, Mdh-1, Me-1, Idh-2, 6-Pgd-1,αGpd, Ak, Pgm-1, Pgm-2, Ca, Mpi andGpi. Among samples, the proportion of polymorphic loci varied between 3–15.2% (mean 11.9%), while the average gene diversity was in the range of 1.1–4.2%. The overall genetic differentiation was low (θ = 0.03). The comparison of two regional population groups (northern-southern, separated by the Danube River) showed an absence of genetic differentiation between regions. Gene flow was estimated at 8.96 migrants per generation, and was higher in the lowland than in the highland group. Three loci (Ca, 6-Pgd andGpd-1) showed clinal variation along a geographical gradient. Additional five alleles of four loci (Ak, Pgm-1, Gpi, 6-Pgd) showed significant spatial autocorrelation. Genetic distances were small (D = 0–0.004). Northern and southern populations clustered separately. For at least three populations game management practices provide evidence for outlying genetic parameters. The observed heterogeneity in the inbreeding level was deemed more under the influence of non-random mating strengthened by game management, than by overall selective pressure.
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