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The aim of the study was to examine the toxic effect of different doses of zearalenone on liver cells by estimating mycotoxin influence on antioxidant systems and on formation of free radicals in the liver. The research was carried out on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into nine groups of 10 animals each. Group A was orally given 8% ethyl alcohol once a day for 10 d. Groups B, C, D, and E were given, orally once a day 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/kg b.w. of zearalenone in alcohol solution for 10 days. The animals from groups X, Y. and Z received a single dose of 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg b.w of zearalenone, respectively, and group W (control) - a single dose of 8% ethyl alcohol. The liver was removed and homogenised. Glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, and concentration of L-ascorbic acid in the homogenate were determined. Received outcome and statistical analysis showed the essential fall of superoxide dismutase activity after 10 d of administering 200 and 500 µg/kg b.w of ZEA in comparison with the control group, and drop of glutathione peroxidase activity after 500 µg/kg b.w. dose. The results of the experiment showed that oxidative stress is one of the main toxic effects of zearalenone activity. Low doses of zearalenone applied for a long time do not have an influence on free radical reaction. Short-lasting zearalenone influence does not cause changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
The (11Bu+) energy of synthetic 15-cis β-carotene exhibits a linear dependence on (n2-1)/(n2+2) in non-polar and polar solvents; in this it is similar to (that of) all-trans β-carotene. The point of intersection is at (n2-1)/(n2+2) = 0.3 for both isomers. The microenvironment of 15-cis β-carotene in the Photosystem II reaction center was established as having a mean refractive index 1.473. Persistent spectral hole burning with a very broad (≈30 nm) hole observed around 500 nm (corresponding to an extremely short excited lifetime τ ≈9 fs) indicates that 15-cis β-carotene has/displays very efficient photoprotective quenching.
In the 21st century there are two extreme trends which influence agricultural raw material production: organic farming and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Considering the development of production, these two technologies are widely different. It is not our aim in our present article to commit ourselves to one or the other technology but we would rather like to present the effect of the two farming methods to one another.
The purpose of this paper was to determine the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) reaction to nickel depending on the metal concentration and penetration way, i.e. through roots or leaves. Nickel was introduced into the nutritional solution (intraroot application) at amounts: 0 (control), 35, 100 or 200 μM, while intraleaf application was performed by spraying plants with water (control) or nickel containing solution at the concentration of 5 or 10 μM. Plants treated with nickel intraroot than intraleaf were characterized by a considerably higher metal content in roots and lower in leaves. Independently of the penetration way increasing metal concentrations caused a significant decrease of the parameters of physiological root activity, i.e. the root volume, total and active adsorption surface and 1 cm³ root active surface, in that a greater decrease of the root parameters was shown on intraroot than intraleaf application of the metal. Environment contamination with nickel caused also a chlorophyll concentration decrease in leaves, in that intraleaf nickel application, in contrast to intraroot, resulted in a higher decrease of chlorophyll b than a. Older than younger leaves showed a higher susceptibility to nickel applied intraroot, whereas roots were resistant to nickel applied intraleaf. The content of S-SO₄ in the sunflower depended on the nickel concentration and penetration way – intraleaf nickel application caused significant S-SO₄ increase in leaves and roots, whereas intraroot application resulted in S-SO₄ content increase especially in roots.
The study is concerned with the course of sorption of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions and with their washing, out with distilled water in sandy, loess, and loamy soils. Sorption was conducted according to the idynamic method. ODR and Eh were measured as indices of soil oxygenation. It was found that oxygen deficiency of the soils under study, with a change in their reaction from acid to neutral, resulted in: 1. an increase in the sorption of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions, 2. an increase in the sorption of Mn²⁺ ions in the loamy soil only.
Yields of milk thistle grown in a monoculture were about 40% lower than the yields ob­tained in crop rotation. The yield decrease was mainly due to a damage of roots caused by Cleonus piger larvae. Two sowing dates were applied: April 1 and 22. In crop rotation higher fruit yields were obtained applying the early-sowing date and in monoculture the reaction changed across years. The delay in the sowing date resulted in an increase in the content of Silymarin in fruits from 0.3% to 0.5%. The content of Silymarin was mostly cor­related with the sum of mean daily air temperatures from the beginning of inflorescence stalk formation to plant harvest.
Constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenase isoforms have been detected in various mammalian tissues. Their activity is blocked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that may induce various side reactions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of DFU, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function and the immunoexpression of both COX isoforms in maternal and foetal rat pancreases. The compound was administered to pregnant Wistar rats once daily from the 8th to the 21st day of gestation. Glucose level and amylase activity were determined in the maternal sera. Maternal and foetal pancreases were examined histologically. Immunoexpression of COX-1 and COX-2 was also evaluated. Both biochemical parameters, as well as the histological structure of the pancreas were undisturbed in the dams and their foetuses. The maternal glucose level was found to be an important factor for foetal growth. Strong cytoplasmic COX-1 immunostaining was observed in acinar secretory cells, whereas in islets the immune reaction was weak. Endocrine cells also revealed strong cytoplasmic COX-2 staining in the maternal and foetal pancreases. Acinar cells exhibited nuclear reaction, which was strong in the foetal but weak in the maternal pancreases. No differences in COX immunoexpression were found between the DFU-exposed and the control groups in either mothers or foetuses. It should be stressed that DFU administered throughout mid and late pregnancy in rats did not change maternal or foetal pancreatic morphology or immunoexpression of either of the main COX isoforms in the organ.
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