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The paper presents the application of the bioluminometric method to assess microbial purity of some herbal raw materials, such as: Lavendae Flos, Hippocastani Flos, Crategi Inflorescentia, Altheae Folium, Betulae Folium, Salviae Folium, Solidaginis Herbae, Chelidonii Herbae and Taraxaci Herbae. The method is based on determination of ATP level originating from bacterial cells. All the raw-materials were examined with FP VI method in order to compare these methods.
In the study, the relationships were investigated among N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu, in medicinal plant raw materials (herbal bags) and their water-soluble chemical forms in infuses. 42 independent samples of plant materials were chosen, represented by different morphological plant parts as herbs, leaves, flowers and fruits. The elements were determined by UV/Vis spectrometry (non-metals), and FAAS (metallic elements) after previous mineralization of plant samples (total concentrations), and directly in herbal teas (water-extractable forms). Most frequently the correlations between non-metals and Zn and Mn occurred, both between their total contents the water-extractable forms. Statistically significant correlations were also found in pairs: Zn-Mn, Fe-Zn, Mn-Fe, and Cu-Zn. Application of multivariate analysis revealed that cluster analysis grouped the studied samples into clusters with similar levels of the analyzed elements, and principal component analysis allowed the identification of water-extractable Zn, P-PO4 and water-extractable Cu as the most crucial factors determining the differentiation of the studied plant samples.
For the production of wooden construction determining the quality of pinewood to be used is of vital importance. Material on which the research was carried out came from two quality classes: WBO and WCO. Large-size as well as laboratory samples were obtained from the material to undergo tests of their physical and mechanical parameters. As the result of quality classification process of construction materials the impact of raw material quality on the parameters of semi-finished products used for the production of wooden construction was determined.
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Life cycle assessment of fertilizers: a review

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Life cycle assessment has become an increasingly common approach for identifying, quantifying, and evaluating the total potential environmental impact of production processes or products, from the procurement of raw materials (the ‘cradle’), to production and utilization (the ‘gates’) and their final storage (the ‘grave’), as well as for determining ways to repair damage to the environment. The paper describes life cycle assessment of mineral fertilizers. On the basis of results provided by life cycle assessment, it can be concluded that an effective strategy for protecting the environment against the harmful effects of fertilizers is to attempt to ‘seal’ the nutrient cycle on a global, regional, and local scale. Pro-environ- mental measures aim on the one hand to reduce resource utilization, and on the other hand to limit losses of nutrients, during both production and use of fertilizers. An undoubted challenge for life cycle assessment when used in agricultural production is the need for relevance at each scale.
Studies upon breaking the maize grain using a crusher with variable cylinder have been carried out. Grain subjected to the breaking process was of 12, 20, and 30% moisture content. Breaking has been performed applying working gaps of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm width as well as cylinder’s speed of 400/400, 400/440, and 400/480 rpm (both cylinders rotational speeds, respectively). Experiments revealed that increasing the rotational speed of one of cylinders in a crusher caused the increase of dusty particles in the achieved product. That increase was observed both at moisture contents change and for different widths of a working gap within the crusher.
Background. The difficult position of Polish agriculture, including one of its branches, i.e. sugar industry, is conducive of search for solutions aiming at an improvement of the condition of industry. One of the potential solutions in this respect may be to focus on alternative raw materials and search for ways to overcome recession in renewable energy sources. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibilities of using non-starchy materials - sugar materials, without enzymatic treatment for ethanol production using selected yeast strains. Material and methods. Sugar beet pulp and thick juice, as a semi product from sugar beet, were fermented. The efficiency of the process was assessed using two Saccharomyces cerevisiae preparations - Ethanol Red, Fermiol. Fermentation was run for 72 h at 30°C. Quality of produced raw distillates was evaluated using the GC method. Results. The research on fermentation processes showed that sugar beet pulp let obtain higher ethanol yield - 87% of theoretical than sugar beet thick juice - 84% of theoretical, both for Ethanol Red and Fermiol yeast preparations. Moreover, it was exhibited that the increase of sugar concentration in the fermentation medium obtained from thick juice, statistically importantly influenced ethanol yield decrease, for both yeast preparations. The distillates’ quality analysis showed the influence of raw materials and microorganism used for fermentation on pollution degree. Distillate obtained from thick juice was characterised with the lowest by-products content after fermentation with Ethanol Red. Conclusions. The results make additional possibilities for sugar beet utilization in distillery industry and new markets using production surpluses both for sugar beet and its semi- -product - thick juice.
The aim of this work was to assess contamination level of meat, available at the retail market in Szczecin, with Campylobacter spp. In total, 172 samples, including 65 poultry, 57 pork and 50 beef half-carcasses were tested. Campylobacters were isolated from 73.8; 66.7 and 66.0% of smear samples tested, respectively. Numbers of campylobacters on poultry were by one order of magnitude higher than on pork and beef half-carcasses and exceeded 103 CFU per 1cm2 of skin.
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