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The aim of the study was to establish to what degree the 24-week exposure of a rat to 5 and 50 mg Cd/dm³ affects the proliferating activity of cells with PCNA and Ki-67 nuclear immunoreactivity in the submandibular gland cells. The control animals received only redistilled water to drink. The group I rats were given 5 mg Cd/dm³, while the group II animals were given 50 mg Cd/dm³. The highest concentration of cadmium was observed in group II, with a concomitant increase in the number of PCNA-positive cells. In group I, cadmium concentration was significantly less compared to group II, and there were fewer PCNA-positive cells. The reaction for Ki-67 in both experimental groups was negative.
The effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection (3000 larvae) on the course of the glucose tolerance curve in rats was investigated. On the 4th and 9th day after infection (DAI) rats displayed severe fasting hypoglycemia. Following oral glucose administration after 30 min this sugar appeared in blood of all rats: controls and infected ones (4 and 9 DAI) at a similar rate; however, the glucose tolerance curves of the infected rats, in contrast to controls, failed to reach maximal values after 30 min from the time of oral glucose administration. The infected and control rats exhibited an approximately similar blood glucose concentration only after 150 min from this administration. The results presented indicate that in rats infected with N. brasiliensis the glucose requirement is increased; malabsorption exerts no effext on the course of the glucose tolerance curves, and glucose deficiencies are compensated only after a lapse of a sufficiently long period (150 min) after glucose administration.
To date, glucagon-like peptide–1 (7-36) amide (tGLP-1) has been found to enhance the vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in vivo but not in vitro (i.e., when the isolated neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary was used for experiments). The goal of this study was to investigate whether tGLP-1 can influence the function of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex in vitro. Also, the effect of a tGLP-1 agonist, exendin-4, and antagonist, exendin-(9-39), on the release of vasopressin/oxytocin from the isolated rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex was tested. tGLP-1 enhanced the basal but not the potassium-stimulated release of vasopressin and oxytocin from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex. On the other hand, tGLP-1 failed to affect the release of both hormones from the isolated neurointermediate lobe. The tGLP-1 agonist increased the secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system whilst the tGLP-1 antagonist completely abolished the stimulatory effect of tGLP-1 on the secretion of both hormones. It is concluded that tGLP-1 affects the function of vasopressin- and oxytocinergic neurones through specific hypothalamic receptors.
Introduction. Many known substances affecting the serotoninergic system induce definite physiological effects, including those which are therapeutic. For instance, the enhanced serotoninergic transmission due to decreased functions of autoreceptors and increased inhibitory functions of postsynaptic 5-HT1A is associated with antidepressant effect. The central serotoninergic system takes part in the regulation of many bodily functions, such as sleep, wakefulness, blood pressure, pain perception or sexual behaviours. Moreover, it is involved in the pathogenesis of depression, anxiety, addictions, migraine and other headaches. In pain therapy, not only typical analgesics are used, but also substances without obvious analgesic effect, thus allowing potential pharmacological modulation of analgesic activity in the treatment of pain. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine whether a chemical lesion to the central noradrenergic system at an early stage of individual development alters reactivity of 5-HT3 receptors in adult rats. Materials and method. The study used newborn and adult Wistar rats aged 8–10 weeks. Behavioural tests (writhing test, formalin assay) were used to assess the analgesic action of ondansetron as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Results. The analgesic effect of ondansetron (1.0 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) in the writhing test was weak and short. Pain intensity score after ondansetron injection (1.0 mg/kg b.w., i.p) was 2–3 points and did not differ significantly between the study groups. Conclusions. Damage to the central noradrenergic system at an early stage of individual development has no effect on the antinociceptive effects of the serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, ondansetron, in the persistent pain model.
The importance of magnesium supplements on organ retention of cadmium and allometric parameters after repeated exposure to cadmium chloride were studied in male Wistar rats. Magnesium chloride was given via drinking water (500 mg Mg/L) to rats exposed intragastrically to cadmium chloride (labelled with cadmium 109) at a daily dose corresponding to 25 mg/kg diet for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Supplements of magnesium temporarily decreased cadmium retention in the duodenum and liver. No significant differences in cadmium retention were evidenced in the kidneys and testicles. The supplements of magnesium also retain more of the body weight gains and restore the relative liver and testicle weight in rats intoxicated with cadmium. Comparison of the present results with earlier reports suggests a relationship between doses of magnesium and cadmium; higher doses of cadmium need more magnesium to overcome toxic action of the heavy metal.
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