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Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become an indispensable technique for accurate determination of gene expression in variety of samples. Accurate and reliable quantification, however, depends on a proper normalization strategy. Normalization with multiple uniformly expressed reference genes is becoming the standard, although the most suitable reference genes dependent on the used experimental factors as well as the tissue or cell type studied. In this study, the stability of various reference genes was investigated in porcine hepatic tissue. The study was conducted on Polish Large White, Polish Landrace, Pietrain, Pulawska and Duroc pigs slaghtered at different ages. Nine reference genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, RPL13A, SDHA, TBP, TOP2B and YWHAZ) were investigated on 180 mRNA samples of porcine hepatic tissue. Based on geNorm and NormFinder analysis, three most stable (HPRT1, TOP2B and TBP) and three moderately (GAPDH, ACTB and SDHA) stable reference genes were identified. The study provides a new panel of reference genes for normalization of the expression of a gene of interest in porcine liver tissue. It is concluded that the use of a single gene for normalization may lead to relatively large errors, so it is important to use multiple control genes based on a survey of potential reference genes applied to gene expression profiling studies of candidate genes for economic traits in pigs.
The expression of predominant housekeeping genes used in RT-qPCR can vary during development and differentiation. The frequently used housekeeping genes (ACTB, GAPDH, 18S rRNA, EF1α and RPL 13a) were evaluated during an early stage of the osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) (under normal conditions or treated with CCG-4986) to identify housekeeping genes whose expression remained constant during osteogenic differentiation. When we used RGS4 mRNA, which was determined as copy number per μg of total RNA, to normalize gene expression, we observed that the relative EF1α expression profile was consistent with RGS4 expression after treatment with CCG-4986. All the relative expression profiles of the EF1α, 18S rRNA, and RPL13a housekeeping genes were consistent with RGS4 profiles determined by measuring mRNA copies under normal osteogenic differentiation conditions. The expression profiles calibrated by ACTB and GAPDH were not consistent with those determined using mRNA copy number in untreated cells or cells treated with CCG-4986 under osteogenic differentiation conditions. Under normal osteogenic differentiation conditions, EF1α, 18S rRNA, and RPL 13a are suitable housekeeping genes for RT-qPCR analysis. However, EF1α is the only suitable gene upon CCG-4986 treatment.
Activation of the Hsp90 chaperone system is a characteristic of cancer cells. The regulation of chaperone activities involves their interaction with cochaperones; therefore we investigated the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 and their specific co-chaperones HOP and CHIP in cancer cell lines and primary cancers. Inhibition of Hsp90 by 17AAG increased the levels of Hsp70, Hsp90 and HOP but not CHIP mRNA in cancer cells. These changes are linked to activation of the HSF1 transcription factor and we show that the HOP promoter contains HSF1 binding sites, and that HSF1 binding to the HOP promoter is increased following 17AAG. The lack of alteration in the co-chaperone CHIP is explained by a lack of HSF response elements in the CHIP promoter. Non-proliferating cells expressed higher levels of CHIP and lower HOP, Hsp70 and Hsp90 levels compared to proliferating cells. Decreased expression of CHIP in proliferating cancer cells is in keeping with its proposed tumor suppressor properties, while over-expression of HOP in proliferating cells may contribute to excessive Hsp90 activity and stabilization of client proteins in tumors. In a panel of colorectal cancer samples, increased expression of Hsp70 and an increased ratio of HOP to CHIP were found, and were associated with decreased median survival. These data indicate that multiple changes occur in the chaperone/co-chaperone system in cancer that impact patient survival. It is likely that the ability to identify individual alterations to this system will be beneficial for treatment strategy decisions, particularly those that employ chaperone inhibitors.
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