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The ER is one of the most important folding compartments within the cell, as well as an intracellular Ca2+ storage organelle and it contains a number of Ca2+ regulated molecular chaperones responsible for the proper folding of glycosylated as well as non-glycosylated proteins. The luminal environment of the ER contains Ca2+ which is involved in regulating chaperones such as calnexin and calreticulin, as well as apoptotic proteins caspase-12 and Bap31, which may play an important role in determining cellular sensitivity to ER stress and apoptosis. The ER quality control system consists of several molecular chaperones, including calnexin, that assist in properly folding proteins and transporting them through the ER as well as sensing misfolded proteins, attempting to refold them and if this is not possible, targeting them for degradation. Accumulation of misfolded protein in the ER leads to activation of genes responsible for the expression of ER chaperones. The UPR mechanism involves transcriptional activation of chaperones by the membrane-localized transcription factor ATF6, in conjunction with the ER membrane kinase IRE1, as well as translational repression of protein synthesis by another ER membrane kinase PERK. When accumulation of misfolded protein becomes toxic, apoptosis is triggered, potentially with IRE1 involved in signaling via caspase-12. Both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways appear to culminate in the activation of caspases and this results in the recruitment of mitochondria in an essential amplifying manner. Bap31 may direct pro-apoptotic crosstalk between the ER and the mitochondria via Ca2+ in conjunction with caspase-12 and calnexin. Accordingly, ER stress and the resultant Ca2+ release must be very carefully regulated because of their effects in virtually all areas of cell function.
Background. The copaiba oil is a common natural product used in cosmetic industry and as a nutraceutical product. However, lack of quality control and scarce knowledge about its antimicrobial activity is a point of concern. The proposal of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of five commercial brands of copaiba oil. Material and methods. Acidity and ester index, refractory index, solubility in alcohol, and thin layer chromatography were performed to verify the physicochemical properties of five commercial copaiba oils sold in local pharmacies. Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD/ESI-Q-TOF-MS) was used to investigate diterpene acids while the volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial and antifungal activities were also evaluated by agar diffusion technique; and minimal inhibitory concentration and maximal bactericidal concentration were defined for each sample and bacteria. Results. The physical-chemical analysis revealed heterogeneity between all samples analysed. The A1 sample showed characteristics of copaiba oil and was mainly composed by hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (29.95% β-bisabolene, 25.65% Z-a-bergamotene and 10.27% β-cariophyllene). Among diterpene acids, the UPLC- DAD/ESI-Q-TOF-MS data are compatible with presence of copalic and/or kolavenic acid (m/z 305 [M + H]+). Candida albicans was sensitive to almost all samples at high concentration and Saccaromyces. cere- visiae showed sensitivity to A1 sample at 100 mg/mL. Although variable, all samples showed antibacterial activity. Significant activity was seen for A3 (19.0 ±0 and 15.6 ±0.5 mm), A4 (16.6 ±0.5 and 15.6 ±0 mm), and A5 (17.1 ±0 and 17.1 ±0 mm) on Staphylococcus saprophyticus and S. aureus, respectively. All samples were active against Klebsiella pneumoniae showing >15 mm diameter halo inhibition; and only A2 was active against Eschirichia coli. Phytopatogens tested revealed resistance of Ralstonia solanacearum CGH12 to all samples and susceptibility of Xcv 112 strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris to almost all samples. MIC and MMC showed bacteriostatic effect against clinical interest bacteria and bactericidal effect against phytopatogens. Conclusion. The results from physicochemical analysis reinforce the fact that it is imperative to include simple conventional methods in the analysis of oil products. The analysis of copaiba oil gives safe products and purity which ensure products with quality. Also, since copaiba oil is an over-the-counter product the results indicate that pharmacosurveillance must be improved by the governmental regulation agency to avoid microorganism resistance selection and to achieve better international quality products.
High temporal and spatial resolution of radar measurements enables to continuously observe dynamically evolving meteorological phenomena. Three-dimensional (3D) weather radar reflectivity data assimilated into the numerical weather prediction model has the potential to improve initial description of the atmospheric model state. The paper is concentrated on the development of radar reflectivity assimilation technique into COAMPS mesoscale model using an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) type assimilation schemes available in Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) programming environment. Before weather radar data enter into the assimilation system, the measurement errors are eliminated through quality control procedures. At first artifacts associated with non-meteorological errors are removed using the algorithms based on analysis of reflectivity field pattern. Then procedures for correction of the reflectivity data are employed, especially due to radar beam blockage and attenuation in rain. Each of the correction algorithms is connected with generation of the data quality characteristic expressed quantitatively by so called quality index (QI). In order to avoid transformation of data uncertainty into assimilation scheme only the radar gates successfully verified by means of the quality algorithms were employed in the assimilation. The proposed methodology has been applied to simulate selected intense precipitation events in Poland in May and August 2010.
We have recently developed an FT-Raman spectroscopic method for measuring the amount of chemical modification of starch samples from a diverse range of botanical sources and amylose contents. In this paper, we present results and FT-Raman spectroscopic calibration curves that can be used to measure the degree of chemical modification for starches that have been acetylated, succinylated, cationic modified, and maleic acid modified. The FT-Raman methodology we have developed is much faster than currently used wet chemistry techniques, is nondestructive of the sample, needs almost no sample preparation, does not require use of hazardous chemicals, and can be further developed for use as a quality control method for process control in manufacturing.
Omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące zapewniania jakości badań w laboratorium mikrobiologii żywności. W laboratorium system jakości powinien być udokumentowany i kontrolowany w zakresie przyjmowania, przechowywania i przygotowywania próbek, stosowanych metod badania, środowiska i wyposażenia laboratorium, odczynników pożywek oraz wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej kontroli jakości.
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